Tree walking transducers are an expressive formalism for reasoning about XSLT-like document transformations. One of the useful properties of tree transducers is decidability of type checking: given a transducer and input and output types, it can be checked statically whether the transducer is type correct, i.e., whether each document adhering to the input type is necessarily transformed into do...

We study polynomial time complexity of type 2 functionals. For that purpose, we introduce a first order functional stream language. We give criteria, named well-founded, on such programs relying on second order interpretation that characterize two variants of type 2 polynomial complexity including the Basic Feasible Functions (BFF). These characterizations provide a new insight on the complexit...

Forest composed of many trees has an important role in maintaining environmental conditions suitable for life on the earth. There are many research which incorporate tree survey data into geographical information system, but those are not represented individual tree objects. A purpose of this study is to build the three dimensional forest map of individual tree level, by fusion of field measure...

Over eight kilobases (kb) of sequence from eight genes including two mitochondrial loci, Cyt b and 12S, and six nuclear loci, B2m , Zp3 , Tcp1, Sry, Smcx and Smcy , were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among 11 taxa representing eight species within the rodent genus Mus . Particular attention was given to discerning relationships among species within the subgenus Mus including me...

This paper uses model-based recursive partitioning to study economic growth in the 255 European Union NUTS2 regions over the period 1995–2005. The starting point of the analysis is a human-capital augmented Solow-type growth equation similar in spirit to Mankiw et al. (1992). Initial GDP and the share of highly educated in the working age population are found to be important for explaining econ...

The ultimate goal of an agriculture research system is on-time, correct and clear response to the problems and expectations of agriculture household and stakeholders. In this respect, though, due to variation and frequency of the problems and expectations and as well as many limitations such as financial deficit, short time and shortage in work force and equipments etc, the system cannot be tho...

Each holotype specimen provides the only objective link to a particular Linnean binomen. Sequence information from them is increasingly valuable due to the growing usage of DNA barcodes in taxonomy. As type specimens are often old, it may only be possible to recover fragmentary sequence information from them. We tested the efficacy of short sequences from type specimens in the resolution of a c...