The stratospheric mean-meridional circulation (MMC) and eddy mixing are compared among six meteorological reanalysis data sets: NCEP-NCAR, NCEP-CFSR, ERA-40, ERA-Interim, JRA-25, and JRA-55 for the period 1979–2012. The reanalysis data sets produced using advanced systems (i.e., NCEP-CFSR, ERA-Interim, and JRA55) generally reveal a weaker MMC in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) compared with those ...

The distribution of the daily wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index in the 40-yr ECMWF ReAnalysis (ERA-40) is significantly negatively skewed. Dynamical and statistical analyses both suggest that this skewness reflects the presence of two distinct regimes—referred to as ‘‘Greenland blocking’’ and ‘‘subpolar jet.’’ Changes in both the relative occurrence and in the structure of the r...

[1] Here we present new isotope records derived from snow samples from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica and re-analysis data of the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts (ERA-40) to explain the connection between the warming of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean [Jacka and Budd, 1998; Jacobs et al., 2002] and the current cooling of the terrestrial Ross Sea region [Doran et ...

Mid-latitude ozone changes: studies with a 3-D CTM forced by ERA-40 analyses W. Feng, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker Institute for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Institute für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Received: 3 April 2006 – Accepted: 21 April 2006 – Published: 17 July 2006 Correspondence...

This article presents a research update from the INSAP-UCL excavations at UNESCO site of medieval Walīla (Roman Volubilis), Morocco. Though is best known as Roman city Volubilis, in Middle Ages, and by then called Walīla, it took on new importance Berber centre, probable locale an Umayyad or Abbasid garrison capital Idrīs I, founder one earliest Islamic states It only Morocco – North Africa mor...

This study reveals the prevalence of Kurdish tribal states, political entities, in vicinity Abbasid city Baghdad. Through a presentation lives and contributions leading Jawani personalities, it is shown that states contributed to development early Islam from both religious aspects. The emirs were involved most Baghdadi region’s dealings with caliphate. They also had Buwayhids, Ukaylids, Mazyadi...

Viewing the cAbbasid Revolution and Iranian from a comparative perspective is focus of this study. The was first Islamic revolution, most recent both which occurred in Muslim societies practically began same geographical area. Although more than twelve centuries separate two revolutions, similarities exist between them. Both produced profound results, similar lessons may be culled revolution to...

The Hisbah is an institution in Islamic history that deals with marketplace control and public moral surveillance. represents the state's effort to uphold social order based on ideals of teachings. Although hisbah functions surveillance decreases, its function draws attention from scholars officials. article aims reveal root development along contemporary Indonesia. employs a synchronic diachro...