background:  in this study a series of basic dosimetric properties of a low-density (ld) gel dosimeter are investigated. the dose response is studied regarding to linearity, sensitivity, dose-rate and energy dependence as well as lung tissue equivalence. materials and methods: the ld gel was made by mixing the polymer gel with expanded polystyrene spheres. energy dependence was studied at two d...

In x-ray imaging detectors, the signal generated in a detector element is proportional to the number of secondary carriers (such as optical photons or electronhole pairs) generated in the x-ray convertor. Furthermore, the location and statistics of secondary carriers are directly related to the absorbed x-ray energy. Even under monochromatic exposure conditions, there will be a distribution of ...

To estimate the time delay between the planetary temperature change and the change of the incoming solar radiation fraction absorbed by the ocean and the atmosphere, the analytical energy balance model is presented. The model generalization allows of using averaged data for model parameterization. Using the model, the time delay is investigated on four model cases of absorbed radiation change. ...

When cheap fossil energy is polluting and pollutant no longer absorbed beyond a certain concentration, there is a moment when the ∗[email protected] †[email protected]

background: high and intermediate energy protons are not able to form a track in a solid state nuclear track detector (ssntd) directly. however, such tracks can be formed through secondary particles created during primary radiation nuclear reactions in a ssntd. materials and methods: the protons with primary energies of 9.6 and 30 mev available at the cyclotron accelerator with corresponding lo...

Historically, clinical response to internal radionuclides has been related to the macroscopic (i.e., whole-tumor or whole-organ) absorbed dose, implicitly assuming uniform distributions of activity and energy deposition (1,2). However, the actual biologic response among cells within a tumor or organ can vary substantially, depending on spatial nonuniformities of these distributions at the multi...

Introduction. In the International Code of Practice for dosimetry TRS-398 published by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), water is recommended as the reference medium for the determination of absorbed dose for high-energy electron beams. Plastic phantoms may be used under certain circumstances for electron beam dosimetry for beam qualities R50 < 4g/cm2 (E0 below 10 MeV). In our study, w...

this research deals with axial and oblique impact crash tests on simple and hybrid composite tubes. axial and oblique impact tests have been generated on simple and hybrid composite tubes with one, two and three layers. a drop test rig was used to conduct the experiments. furthermore, in order to gain more detailed knowledge about the crash process, finite element simulations of the experiments...