In rats, the pharmacological (interoceptive) effects of nicotine can serve as a signal (conditional stimulus) in a Pavlovian (classical) conditioning task. In this task, nicotine administration (0.4 mg base/kg, subcutaneous) is typically paired with intermittent access to a liquid sucrose unconditional stimulus; sucrose is withheld on saline sessions. An increase in sucrose receptacle entries (...

The purpose of this study was to investigate different effects of various practice schedules in handball task. 30 participants have been divided into three equal practice groups randomly. Participants have performed a task under blocked, random and serial practice schedules and they were tested in acquisition phase conducted on five consecutive sessions with knowledge of results (KR). Delayed r...

Software engineering methodologies propose that developers should capture their efforts in ensuring that programs run correctly in repeatable and automated artifacts, such as unit tests. However, when looking at developer activities on a spectrum from exploratory testing to scripted testing we find that many engineering activities include bursts of exploratory testing. In this paper we propose ...

Dopamine receptors play a critical role in reward-related learning, but receptor subtypes may be differentially involved. D2-preferring receptor antagonists, e.g., haloperidol, attenuate acquisition of cocaine-conditioned motor activity at doses that fail to block expression. We compared haloperidol [4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one] with the D3 recept...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the older population, the reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) has only been evaluated in a few studies, in the supine position, and covering a broad sample of age and patients of both sexes. To document the relevance of using HRV analysis in healthy older women, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of HRV indexes during three classical tests. ME...

Abstract: Memory extinction is referred to as a learning process in which a conditioned response (CR) progressively reduces over time as an animal learns to uncouple a response from a stimulus. Extinction occurs when the rat is placed into a context without shock after training. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3) is implicated in memory formation in mammalian brains. In a two-way active shu...

this study examined and compared the effects of consciousness-raisingwritten corrective feedback in 2 newly-developed levels in terms of marked thirdperson -s acquisition. nine elementary level intact classes, including 191 malelanguage learners within the age range of 11-14 at iran language institute, weretaken as the participants. relying on the participants’ placement test results,previous t...

Deficits in the study skills of college students can lead to lower academic performance and disqualification. Although behavior analytic research has evaluated strategies for improving student classroom, no studies have methods outside classroom. We effects a training package that consisted instructions, written checklists, picture models, feedback using multiple probe design across skill sets ...

The learning benefits of contextual interference have been frequently demonstrated in different settings using novice learners. The purpose of the present study was to test such effects with skilled athletic performers. Scheduling differences for biweekly additional ("extra") batting-practice sessions of a collegiate baseball team were examined. 30 players (ns = 10) were blocked on skill and th...