In discrete-trial avoidance conditioning to an external warning signal, the level of conditioning depended upon how much immediate change in the CS was effected by responding. The greater the change, the better the conditioning; this was interpreted in terms of the amount of reward for avoidance. A 2nd experiment showed that even when the response did not remove the warning signal, the occurren...

The article addresses comparison of fuzzy BKproduct approach with A* search algorithm for optimal path finding of the autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The technique is designed to accomplish two missions: obstacle avoidance using ARTMAP and fuzzy BK-product and comparison of optimal path finding with A* search algorithm. In the first mission, underwater obstacle avoidance technique has al...

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the university students’ learning styles and problem-solving strategies, and their achievement motivation in Azad University of Ahvaz. The population included 374 students-168 females and 206 malesin B.A. Selected through stratified random sampling. The research design was correlational, and the research data were collected...

This study examined the effects of bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core (NAc-co), dorsomedial striatum (DMS) or dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of rats on the learning and extinction of Pavlovian and instrumental components of conditioned avoidance responses (CARs). None of the lesions caused sensorimotor deficits that could affect locomotion. Lesions of the NAc-co, but not D...

introduction: lower level of estrogen hormone is considered as an important factor for loss of learning and memory in postmenopausal women. although estrogen replacement therapy is used for compensation, but long-term usage of estrogen is associated with a higher risk of hormonedependent cancers. phytoestrogens, due to fewer side effects, have been proposed to prevent menopause-related cognitiv...

A bilateral ablation of the frontal cortex was performed in rats before and after training in an active avoidance task in a shuttle box. Animals with this lesion showed an impairment in learning and in the reversal of the avoidance task. If the animals with the lesion were implanted with an electrode in the ventral tegmental nucleus and received an electrical stimulation in this area contingent...

INTRODUCTION Many animal and human subjects can learn to avoid punishment or noxious stimuli by exploiting the sensory cues predicting them. In cue-signaled active avoidance (AA) learning, subjects first learn about the predictive properties of cues and subsequently learn a behavioral strategy of an avoidance response (e.g., crossing a hurdle that divides a two-compartment cage in order to avoi...

Effects of N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide (DM-9384) on learning and memory were studied using four different experimental rat models. In electroconvulsive shock- or scopolamine-induced amnesia in the step-through passive avoidance task, DM-9384 improved both types of amnesia when administered before the training trial. Aniracetam also showed similar but somewhat weake...