Recent empirical contributions emphasize the importance of (potential) market size for the development of new pharmaceuticals. At the same time many scholars point out the importance of of scientific advances for the industry’s R&D activities. Against this background I analyze the relationship between (potential) market size, technological opportunities, and the number of new pharmaceuticals in...

Since decades, the rational discovery of new medicines has depended on the modification of molecular structures. Introducing a new drug to the market now costs an average of US$ 897 million which includes preclinical and clinical costs before the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval and costs associated with studies conducted after a product has gained such approval. Moreover, the pro...

Urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. While various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. In the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...

DESCRIPTION Celexa (citalopram HBr) is an orally administered selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) TM with a chemical structure unrelated to that of other SSRI’s or of tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other available antidepressant agents. Citalopram HBr is a racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative designated (±)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitr...

DESCRIPTION Celexa (citalopram HBr) is an orally administered selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) TM with a chemical structure unrelated to that of other SSRI’s or of tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other available antidepressant agents. Citalopram HBr is a racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative designated (±)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitr...

Molecular imaging is the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in a living system. At present, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is one the most rapidly growing areas of medical imaging, with many applications in the clinical management of patients with cancer. Although [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG...

Therapeutic properties of antibodies strongly depend on the composition of their glycans. Most of the currently approved antibodies are produced in mammalian cell lines, which yield mixtures of different glycoforms that are close to those of humans, but not fully identical. Glyco-engineering is being developed as a method to control the composition of carbohydrates and to enhance the pharmacolo...