This study modeled the interrelationships of reading instruction, motivation, engagement, and achievement in two contexts, employing data from 1,159 seventh graders. In the traditional reading/language arts (R/LA) context, all students participated in traditional R/LA instruction. In the intervention R/LA context, 854 students from the full sample received Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction (...

Spectral analysis considers the problem of determining (the art of recovering) the spectral content (i.e., the distribution of power over frequency) of a stationary time series from a finite set of measurements, by means of either nonparametric or parametric techniques. This paper introduces the spectral analysis problem, motivates the definition of power spectral density functions, and reviews...