Redox reactions have been established as major biological players in many cellular signaling pathways. Here we review mechanisms of redox signaling with an emphasis on redox-active signaling endosomes. Signals are transduced by relatively few reactive oxygen species (ROS), through very specific redox modifications of numerous proteins and enzymes. Although ROS signals are typically associated w...

Quinones are a class of compounds which have widespread importance in chemistry, biology and medicine. Because of their appropriate performance in electron transferring rate, quinones are among the most applicable mediators in biosensors. Recently, the effects of different non-metal substitutions on redox potential of quinone have been investigated to design suitable mediators for different ele...

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a metabolically active organelle, which has a central role in proteostasis by translating, modifying, folding, and occasionally degrading secretory and membrane proteins. The lumen of the ER represents a separate compartment of the eukaryotic cell, with a characteristic proteome and metabolome. Although the redox metabolome and proteome of the compartment have ...

A fundamental issue in developmental science is whether ontogenetic changes in memory are caused by the development of cellular plasticity mechanisms within the brain's memory systems or maturation of sensory inputs to the memory systems. Here, we provide evidence that the development of eyeblink conditioning, a form of associative learning that depends on the cerebellum, is driven by the devel...

It is generally accepted that the associative learning occurs when a behaviorally neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) in close temporal proximity. Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a simple form of associative learning for motor responses. Specific activation of a population of cells may be an effective and sufficient CS for establishing EBC. Ho...

The chemical step of Shikimate Kinase Helicobacter pylori, involving the transfer a phosphoryl group, has been studied by using quantum mechanical and molecular (QM/MM) methods. Understanding mechanism this step, present in bacteria other microorganisms but absent humans, can lead to development novel drugs for treatment common diseases caused those pathogenic organisms. Different mechanisms in...

Two studies, involving a total of nearly 500 Ss, were conducted to determine the mechanisms by which processing speed contributes to the relations between adult age and associative learning. Results of both studies indicated that increased age was related to poorer associative learning largely because of a failure to retain information about previously correct responses. This in turn was relate...

Do associative learning and synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) depend on the same cellular mechanisms? Recent work in the amygdala reveals that LTP and Pavlovian fear conditioning induce similar changes in postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors and that occluding these changes by viral-mediated overexpression of a dominant-negative GluR1 construct attenuates both LTP and fear memory in r...