The extent of the intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber projection (IIP-MF) in the hippocampus of mice and rats is strain-specific, and correlates negatively with the strain-specific capacity of avoidance learning. If variations of the IIP-MF influence the capacity for 2-way avoidance learning, then developmental modification of the IIP-MF projection in an individual member of a strain should r...

Compared with reward seeking, punishment avoidance learning is less clearly understood at both the computational and neurobiological levels. Here we demonstrate, using computational modelling and fMRI in humans, that learning option values in a relative--context-dependent--scale offers a simple computational solution for avoidance learning. The context (or state) value sets the reference point ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Social phobia is characterized by avoidance of feared social situations. Although avoidance is a central feature of social anxiety, few studies have examined avoidance learning. METHODS We used a probabilistic instrumental learning paradigm where participants had to learn by trial and error which response led to the disappearance of a neutral or angry face. 20 high s...

Fuzzy Q-learning is extending of Q-learning algorithm that uses fuzzy inference system to enable Qlearning holding continuous action and state. This learning has been implemented in various robot learning application like obstacle avoidance and target searching. However, most of them have not been realized in embedded robot. This paper presents implementation of fuzzy Q-learning for obstacle av...

AbstractDeveloping self-regulated learners has been the life-long ambition of different stakeholders in education. This study was set out to find the relationships between self-regulated strategies as defined by time and resource management, cognitive and metacognitive strategies, achievement goals classified as mastery, performance-approach and performance-avoidance, and the listening ac...

AbstractDeveloping self-regulated learners has been the life-long ambition of different stakeholders in education. This study was set out to find the relationships between self-regulated strategies as defined by time and resource management, cognitive and metacognitive strategies, achievement goals classified as mastery, performance-approach and performance-avoidance, and the listening ac...

Background and Objective: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) usually leads to memory deficit. In this study, we tried to assess the effect of Withania somnifera extract on the impaired learning and memory in the intrahippocampal kainate model of TLE in the rat. Materials & Methods: Male rats (n=32) were divided into sham, extract+sham, kainite, and kainite+extract. For induction of epilepsy, unilate...

The primary auditory cortex is now known to be involved in learning and memory, as well as auditory perception. For example, spectral tuning often shifts toward or to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus during associative learning. As previous research has focused on tonal frequency, less is known about how learning might alter temporal parameters of response in the auditory cortex. This ...

Test anxiety as a common disorder is a physiological condition in which students experience extreme stress, anxiety and discomfort during and/or before taking a test. This kind of anxiety results from the sense of threats like fear of failure, lack of confidence and setting unattainable goals in learning and wishing to be perfect in academic situation. Resulting anxiety disrupts attention, memo...