In their innovative article, Daugherty et al. (2009) have modeled the mood swings of a patient with bipolar disorder as a Liénard oscillator with autonomous forcing. They proposed that emotional state of untreated and treated bipolar type-II patient could be mathematically represented by the Equation (1), in which x(t), represents emotional state in time t. In this equation, by adjusting the pa...

CONTEXT Despite 25 years of structural imaging in bipolar disorder, brain regions affected in the disorder are ill defined. OBJECTIVES To use meta-analytical techniques to investigate structural brain changes in bipolar disorder and to assess the effect of medication use and demographic and clinical variables. DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched from 1980-...

Introduction: Bipolar Spectrum Disorders include a variety of mood disorders from bipolar II disorder to conditions characterized by hyperthymic mood states. It has been suggested that psychosocial factors also play an important role in bipolar disorders, in this study we have used social network analysis in order to better understand the social positions of those affected by bipolar spectrum d...

There is currently lively debate as regards the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Generally, there is consensus that bipolar I disorder, characterised by mania, is distinct as compared to unipolar major depression. This is demonstrated to some extent across the phenomenology, population characteristics, genetics and neurobiology of the two phenotypes. However, the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder ...

BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate the personality profile of bipolar disorder I and II, and healthy controls, and to study whether personality influences the course of bipolar disorder. METHODS One hundred ten patients with bipolar disorder I, 85 patients with bipolar disorder II, and 86 healthy individuals had their personality profile assessed using the Swedish universities Scales of Pe...

OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share common pathophysiological processes and may have similar perceptual abnormalities. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a - event-related potentials associated with auditory preattentional processing - have been extensively studied in schizophrenia, but rarely in bipolar disorder. Furthermore, MMN and P3a have not been examined between diagnostic s...

The essential features of bipolar affective disorder involve the cyclical occurrence of high (manic or hypomanic episodes) and low mood states. Depressive episodes in both bipolar I and II disorder are more numerous and last for longer duration than either manic or hypomanic episodes. In addition depressive episodes are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. While multiple agents, incl...