This article analyses the determinants of asylum migration to Western Europe. Individuals in developing countries decide on whether to apply for asylum, balancing the costs of staying versus the costs of migrating. Results confirm that economic hardship as measured by income, growth and economic discrimination against ethnic minorities leads to higher flows of asylum seekers. Income and equity ...

A particular type of spyware which uses the user’s events covertly, such as keyloggers and password stealers, has become a big threat to Internet users. Due to the prevalence of spywares, the user’s private information can easily be exposed to an attacker. Conventional anti-spyware programs have used signatures to defend against spywares. Unfortunately, this mechanism cannot detect unknown spyw...

‎The textit{metric dimension} of a connected graph $G$ is the minimum number of vertices in a subset $B$ of $G$ such that all other vertices are uniquely determined by their distances to the vertices in $B$‎. ‎In this case‎, ‎$B$ is called a textit{metric basis} for $G$‎. ‎The textit{basic distance} of a metric two dimensional graph $G$ is the distance between the elements of $B$‎. ‎Givi...

We define and study a quantale-valued Wijsman structure on the hyperspace of all non-empty closed sets of a quantale-valued metric space. We show its admissibility and that the metrical coreflection coincides with the quantale-valued Hausdorff metric and that, for a metric space, the topological coreflection coincides with the classical Wijsman topology. We further define an index of compactnes...

A non-contradictible axiomatic theory is constructed under the local reversibility of the metric triangle inequality. The obtained notion includes the metric spaces as particular cases and the generated metric topology is T$_{1}$-separated and generally, non-Hausdorff.

in this work‎, ‎we formulate chatterjea contractions using graphs in metric spaces endowed with a graph ‎‎and‏ ‎‎‎‎investigate ‎the ‎existence‎ ‎of ‎fixed ‎points ‎for such mappings ‎under two different hypotheses‎. we also discuss the uniqueness of the fixed point. the given result is a generalization of chatterjea's fixed point theorem from metric spaces to metric spaces endowed with a graph.

in this paper, a concept of generalized weakly contraction mappings in partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces is introduced and  coincidence point  theorems on partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces are proved. also, as the corollary of these theorems, some common fixed point theorems on partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces are presented.

in the present paper, we give a new approach to caristi's fixed pointtheorem on non-archimedean fuzzy metric spaces. for this we define anordinary metric $d$ using the non-archimedean fuzzy metric $m$ on a nonemptyset $x$ and we establish some relationship between $(x,d)$ and $(x,m,ast )$%. hence, we prove our result by considering the original caristi's fixedpoint theorem.