The functional organization of brain areas supporting goal-directed behavior is debated. Some accounts suggest a rostro-caudal organization, while others suggest a broad recruitment as part of a multiple demand network. We used fMRI and an anatomical region of interest (ROI) approach to test which account better characterizes the organization of key brain areas related to goal-directed behavior...

Relaxation rate is an important determinant of axial muscle power production during the oscillatory contractions of undulatory locomotion. Recently, significant differences have been reported in the relaxation rates of rostral versus caudal white muscle fibers of the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. The present study investigates the biochemical correlates of this rostral-caudal physiological varia...

In nature, the caudal fins of fish species are frequently lost to some extent by aggressive behaviour, predation and diseases. To test whether the swimming performance of fish with different swimming capacities would be differentially affected due to caudal fin loss and regeneration, we investigated the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), swimming metabolic rate (M(O2)), tail beat frequency (f(TB)...

El estudio del funcionamiento de los ecosistemas altoandinos es gran importancia pues cualquier modificación influirá en toda la cuenca; sin embargo, el conocimiento estos ambientes aún limitado. Por ello, se buscó determinar efecto estacionalidad sobre ensamble macrobentos un río altoandino y las variables limnológicas, geomorfológicas e hidrológicohidráulicas que más lo influencian. En Salto,...

OBJECTIVES To introduce the cutting and suture technique of the caudal L-strut for the management of caudal septal deviation and to evaluate its efficacy and surgical outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Tertiary care rhinology clinic. PATIENTS Forty-five patients who underwent endonasal septoplasty using the cutting and suture technique of the caudal L-strut. INTERVENTIONS Aft...

The post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in brain remains controversial. Classically, there was thought to be a single cell group in the arcuate nucleus with long projections through limbic structures. More recently, a second cell group was discovered in the caudal medulla. This study addresses the question of POMC processing in this region. Steady-state analysis of acid...

BACKGROUND Retinotopic projection onto the tectum/colliculus constitutes the most studied model of topographic mapping and Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, are the best characterized molecular system involved in this process. Ephrin-As, expressed in an increasing rostro-caudal gradient in the tectum/colliculus, repel temporal retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from the caudal tectum...

Caudal dysplasia sequence (CDS) comprises developmental anomalies of the caudal vertebrae, neural tube, urogenital and digestive organs, and hind limbs, the precursors of all of which are derived from the caudal eminence. Although the syndrome is well recognized, the etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood. We report syringomyelia in association with the CDS, which has not be...

One of the earliest steps of embryonic development is the establishment of polarity along the anteroposterior axis. Extensive studies of Drosophila embryonic development have elucidated mechanisms for establishing polarity, while studies with other model systems have found that many of these molecular components are conserved through evolution. One exception is Bicoid, the master organizer of a...

Distribution of caudal papillae in adult Romanomermis culicivorax was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Ninety eight caudal papillae, each containing one pore, were present in males but absent in females. Papillae were arranged in three longitudinal rows, one ventral, two ventrolateral; the middle ventral row bifurcated anterior to the spicule. The appearance of the papillae was diffe...