There is a tendency to think of World Englishes in the noun form; as products rather than as processes (implying that one receives both ready-made, controlling the development of neither). Conceptualising World Englishes as processes in which one can participate as an agent raises the question of what skills are needed in their active construction. The author will argue that since culture resid...

Over the past four decades, the transnational business community has successfully built a private system of transnational governance: the new Lex Mercatoria. The actors who operate this system – firms, their lawyers, international arbitrators, and legal academics – have evolved, and use, ‘a-national’ principles of contract and a system of private ‘courts’ to organize and regulate cross-border c...

Abstract Damages have been described as ‘the poor cousin of liability’.3 Yet damages valuation plays an essential, albeit often controversial, role in investor–State arbitration. Quantum questions require the participants—parties, counsel, experts and especially arbitrators—to think creatively critically about applicable framework underlying valuation. Consistency rigor tribunal’s approach to c...

this study was an effort towards examining the relationship between iranian efl learners’ language proficiency and their metaphorical competence. the were 120 iranian efl learners studying at sadr english language center within the 19-25 age range. the efl learners’ english proficiency from elementary to advanced which was determined by the opt. afterwards, the students were administered a rese...

The ultimate challenge of human competence management is to successfully organize and harness the skills and knowledge of employees for added value creation inside the company. In this context, it is important to understand the aspirations and needs of employees for changing the current ways of working, and their subjective appreciation of the respective organizational roles they play. From the...

self-determination theory (sdt) states that satisfaction of basic psychological needs, including the need for autonomy, competence and relatedness will lead to intrinsic motivation. this study examines the relationship between basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation of iranian female students in mathematics. for this purpose, 382 students of five school responded to the scale of intr...

We compare three common dispute resolution processes — negotiation, mediation, and arbitration — in the framework of Crawford and Sobel (1982). Under negotiation, the two parties engage in (possibly arbitrarily long) face-to-face cheap talk. Under mediation, the parties communicate with a neutral third party who makes a non-binding recommendation. Under arbitration, the two parties commit to co...

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This paper brings mechanism design to conflict resolution. We determine when and how unmediated communication and mediation reduce the ex ante probability of conflict in a game of conflict with asymmetric information. Mediation improves upon unmediated communication when the intensity of conflict is high, or when asymmetric information is significant. The mediator improves upon unmediated commu...