The acquisition, extinction, and subsequent recovery of conditioned fear can be influenced by the nature of the conditional stimulus (CS) and the context in which the CS is presented. The combined effects of these factors were examined in a differential fear-conditioning procedure with humans. Fear-relevant or fear-irrelevant CSs were followed by a shock unconditional stimulus (US) during acqui...

Three experiments examined the effects of physical context changes and multiple extinction contexts on the renewal of conditioned suppression in humans. A conditioned suppression task used an undesirable event as the unconditional stimulus (US). One conditional stimulus (CS+) predicted the occurrence of the US and another (CS-) predicted US absence. In Experiment 1 (N = 32), conditioned suppres...

this paper will examine ibn sina’s theory of the conditional syllogism from a purely logical point of view, and will lay bare the principles he adopted for founding his theory, and the reason why the newly introduced part of his logic remained undeveloped and eventually was removed from the texts of logic in the later islamic tradition. as a preliminary discussion, this paper briefly examines i...

in this paper, we investigate variations of gold coin price and also probe to model the fluctuations and conditional variance of coin market returns. the data consist of daily market prices of gold coin over the 1380 – 1386 period. since volatility clustering is viewed in time series of returns, we employ arch (autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) methodology in order to model the var...

confirmation of convergence hypothesis among provinces, its role in removing divergence among regions and achieving regional convergence is one of the important issues in macroeconomics. the aim of the present study is to examine absolute and conditional income convergence hypotheses among iranian provinces during the period 2000-2010 using panel data. the hypotheses are tested for the whole pr...

We show how to extend any finite probability space into another one which satisfies the conditional construal of for original propositions, given some maximal allowed degree nesting conditional. This mitigates force well-known triviality results.

F orecasting the volatility of a financial asset has wide implications in finance. Conditional variance extracted from the GARCH framework could be a suitable proxy of financial asset volatility. Option pricing, portfolio optimization, and risk management are examples of implications of conditional variance forecasting. One of the most recent methods of volatility forecasting is Real...

This paper explores Polish experiences of lived diversities in the UK through lens their precarious socio-economic status and ambivalent racial identity. Using concept conditional citizenship, article how being only tentatively accepted British society affects migrants’ understandings diversity. Drawing on qualitative data from a study diversities, this exposes repertoires actions that individu...

Perspective Effects 2 Abstract Perspective effects in the Wason four-card selection task occur when people choose mutually exclusive sets of cards depending on the perspective they adopt when making their choice. Previous demonstrations of perspective effects have been limited to deontic contexts; i.e., problem contexts that involve social duty, like permissions and obligations. In three experi...