The article analyzes the issue of cognition courts to weigh constitutional rights and freedoms, both in relation vertical horizontal relations. view is defended that are obliged apply weighing mechanism – pursuant Art. 31 sec. 3 2 sentences 1 Constitution Republic Poland. adequacy final determination conditional priority relationship between competing principles law by legislator being examined...

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a system modal connexive logic based on situation semantics. In general, logics are extensions standard that incorporate Aristotle’s and Boethius’ theses, the thesis sentence cannot imply its negation pair contradictory sentences. A key problem in devising come up with both sufficiently strong fulfill some specific theses well-motivated from semantic...

The notion of the rational closure of a positive knowledge base K of conditional assertions θi |∼ φi (standing for if θi then normally φi) was first introduced by Lehmann in [2] and developed by Lehmann and Magidor in [3]. Following those authors we would also argue that the rational closure is, in a strong sense, the minimal information, or simplest, rational consequence relation satisfying K....

unlike the languages we know, some of the arabic sentences form without any verbs. arab grammarians call these sentences, which contain a subject and a predicate without any linking verbs, nominal sentences. examining theses sentences indicates that their predicate is composed of one of the following words or structures: 1. noun, 2. prepositional phrase, 3. an adverb of time or place, 4. a nomi...

Models of neural machine translation are often from a discriminative family of encoder-decoders that learn a conditional distribution of a target sentence given a source sentence. In this paper, we propose a variational model to learn this conditional distribution for neural machine translation: a variational encoder-decoder model that can be trained end-to-end. Different from the vanilla encod...

One of the main tenets of the mental model theory is that when individuals reason, they think about possibilities. According to this theory, reasoning on what is possible from the truth of a sentence would be psychologically basic, whereas reasoning the other way round, on the truth or falsity of a sentence from a given state of affairs, would require some meta-ability. The present study tested...

We present a study on the ability to comprehend conjunction, exclusive disjunction, bi-conditional and conditional. Mental model theory predicts differences in difficulty in dealing with such connectives, and it also predicts that it is easier to envisage situations that comply with an assertion than situations which do not comply. We carried out an experiment on children, adolescents and adult...

This essay offers an account of the truth conditions of sentences involving deontic modals like ‘ought’, designed to capture the difference between objective and subjective kinds of ‘ought’ This account resembles the classical semantics for deontic logic: according to this account, these truths conditions involve a function from the world of evaluation to a domain of worlds (equivalent to a so-...

When synthesizing speech from Japanese text, correct assignment of accent nuclei for input text with arbitrary contents is indispensable in obtaining naturally-sounding synthetic speech. A phenomenon called accent sandhi occurs in utterances of Japanese; when a word is uttered in a sentence, its accent nucleus may change depending on the contexts of preceding/succeeding words. This paper descri...