Cross-orientation suppression (COS) in striate cortex has been implicated in the efficient encoding of visual stimuli. We show that release from COS facilitates the decoding of 3-D shape. In planar surfaces overlaid with textures, slanting the surface can increase the visibility of the component parallel to the slant. Since this component provides the orientation flows that signify 3-D shape, t...

This course is about data! Data is everywhere. Everything is computerized now and vast amounts of data can be easily stored. Concomitant with vast amounts of data is the belief that this data will be useful. There are many practical issues regarding data which this course will not cover such as storing data, databases, transferring data, etc. This class will be concerned with how to get the mos...

In other words, if ≤ 1/8 and δ ≤ 1/8, then PAC learning is not possible with fewer than d/2 examples. The outline of the proof is: To prove that there exists a concept c ∈ C and a distribution D, we are going to construct a fixed distribution D, but we do not know the exact target concept c used. Instead, we will choose c at random. If we get an expected probability of error over c, then there ...

Take the case of horse racing as an example, we can think of each expert predicting the probability that each horse will win. Another way to motivate this model is to consider coding theory. Suppose Alice wants to send Bob a file consisting of messages x1, . . . , xt, . . . xT , where xt ∈ X, the set of all possible messages. Alice can wait until she sees all messages, which is an offline appro...

BACKGROUND Although correctional officers (COs) clearly suffer from depression, positive resources for combating depression have been rarely studied in this population. The purpose of the study was to examine the associations of perceived organizational support (POS) and psychological capital (PsyCap) with depressive symptoms among Chinese COs. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted i...

The theoretical basis for the link between the leaf exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and water vapour (H(2)O) and the assumptions that need to be made in order to use COS as a tracer for canopy net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance, are reviewed. The ratios of COS to CO(2) and H(2)O deposition velocities used to this end are shown to vary with the ...

Angle-resolved photoemission was used to study the surface electronic band structure of high quality single crystals of ferromagnetic CoS(2) (below 120 K). Strongly dispersing Co t(2g) bands are identified along the ⟨100⟩ [Formula: see text] direction, the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] line of the surface Brillouin zone, in agreement with model calculations. The calculated surface ban...

1 Review of the Bayes Algorithm Last time we talked about the Bayes algorithm, in which we give priors π i to each expert. The algorithm maintains weights w t,i for each expert. The π i values serve as the initial weights for the experts. Experts predict the distributions p t,i over the same set X, and the algorithm predicts the q t distribution as a mixture of those distributions. To restate i...

Suppose we are given examples x1, x2 . . . , xm drawn from a probability distribution D over some discrete space X. In the end, our goal is to estimate D by finding a model which fits the data, but is not too complex. As a first step, we need to be able to measure the quality of our model. This is where we introduce the notion of maximum likelihood. To motivate this notion suppose D is distribu...

Cells are fundamental building blocks of living organisms. Cells contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts, endoplasmatic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, etc. The nucleus is important organelle because it houses chromosomes which include the DNA. The DNA is in essence a blueprint of the organism as it encodes information needed to synthesize proteins. Molecular biologists would like to u...