A key policy breakthrough occurred nearly twenty years ago with the discovery that children are far more sensitive than adults to toxic chemicals in the environment. This finding led to the recognition that chemical exposures early in life are significant and preventable causes of disease in children and adults. We review this knowledge and recommend a new policy to regulate industrial and cons...

In the process of milk production, the highest cost relates to animal feed. Based on reports provided by the experts, around seventy percent of dairy livestock costs included feed costs. In order to minimize the total price of livestock feed, according to the limits of feed sources in each region or season, and also the transportation and maintenance costs and ultimately milk price reduction, o...

today’s, a common problem in cities is increasing delay and reducing the speed of traffic. on the other wise increasing costs of acquisition in urban area are not allow new routes and highways. also construction of new highway or street such as imam ali highway and sadr highway in tehran lead to develop new applications (such as brt lane ,…) and become quickly saturate and less efficient. there...

BACKGROUND The overall health care costs for managing patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in U.S. hospitals is burdensome. While pharmacy costs comprise only a minor proportion of these costs, hospital length of stay (LOS) is the greatest contributor. Infections due to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens are also associated with increased overall health care cost. Therefore, strategi...

Despite growing recognition of the importance of climate change adaptation, few global estimates of the costs involved are available for the water supply sector. We present a methodology for estimating partial global and regional adaptation costs for raw industrial and domestic water supply, for a limited number of adaptation strategies, and apply the method using results of two climate models....

this study presents a detailed analysis of cost management for intensive cultivation activity in terms of tomato production. the main objective was to provide qualitative and quantitative costs obtained in the intensive cultivation of tomato. this methodology was structured by activity costs (soil preparation and planting, crop monitoring, harvesting, selling, etc.) through a study in greenhous...

Economic assessments of climate change impacts are commonly presented as the effect of a climate change associated with a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide on the current economy. This paper is an attempt to express impact as a function of both climate change and socioeconomic change. With regard to climate change, issues discussed are level versus rate of change, spee...

We address a dynamic decision problem in which decision makers must pay some costs when they change their decisions along the way. We formalize this problem as Dynamic SAT (DynSAT) with decision change costs, whose goal is to find a sequence of models that minimize the aggregation of the costs for changing variables. We provide two solutions to solve a specific case of this problem. The first u...