Psychodynamic clinicians have long stressed the role of defense mechanisms in diagnosis and treatment of their patients. However, until recently the defense mechanisms were not the focus of extensive empirical research due to methodological limitations. The inclusion of defensive functioning scale (DFS) in DSM-IV has renewed the interest in psychodynamic approaches to clinical diagnosis, part...

      The geographical environment, where the city with different shapes and dimensions and various functions is located on it, is the urban field of activity and movement. Dou to the most population of a country live in these environments and often this area is used as economical, political, cultural, and social centers, its readiness to overcome crises should always be considered by the relev...

Embryonic stem cell research is considered one of wonderful developments in medical arena and scientific achievements contributing to the treatment of many diseases. Due to its important legal consequences, its analysis of vital importance. One of the theories proposed to justify the research is Medical Self-Defense. This theory purports that when a disease attacks a person and there is no esca...