This paper presents a continuous?time model of sovereign debt. In it, relatively impatient government's hidden type switches back and forth between commitment type, which cannot default, an opportunistic can, where we assume outside lenders have particular beliefs regarding how should borrow for any given level debt bond price. Markov equilibrium, the mimics when borrowing, revealing its only b...

In this note first we define a BCK‐algebra on the states of a deterministic finite automaton. Then we show that it is a BCK‐algebra with condition (S) and also it is a positive implicative BCK‐algebra. Then we find some quotient BCK‐algebras of it. After that we introduce a hyper BCK‐algebra on the set of all equivalence classes of an equivalence relation on the states of a deterministic finite...

We summarize the goals, organization, and results of the second RepLab competitive evaluation campaign for Online Reputation Management systems (RepLab 2013). RepLab 2013 focuses on the process of monitoring the reputation of companies and individuals, and asks participating systems to annotate different types of information on tweets containing the names of several companies. First, tweets hav...

In real world scheduling applications, machines might not be available during certain time periods due to deterministic or stochastic causes. In this article, the machine scheduling with availability constraints for both deterministic and stochastic cases with different environments, constraints and performance measures will be discussed. The existing body of research work in the literature wil...

Seismic inversion is a method that extracts acoustic impedance data from the seismic traces. Source wavelets are band-limited, and thus seismic traces do not contain low and high frequency information. Therefore, there is a serious problem when the deterministic seismic inversion is applied to real data and the result of deterministic inversion is smooth. Low frequency component is obtained fro...

in this paper, firstly by using a mixed linear programming a new model of locating facilities with limited capacity is presented to design a closed-loop supply chain in a multi-product and multi-period mode. then, using a robust optimization approach, the proposed model decreases in non-deterministic expansion. the results show that the proposed model can handle facility capacity in a closed lo...

Deformations of surfaces with the same intrinsic shape can often be described accurately by a conformal model. A major focus of computational conformal geometry is the estimation of the conformal mapping that aligns a given pair of object surfaces. The uniformization theorem enables this task to be acccomplished in a canonical 2D domain, wherein the surfaces can be aligned using a Möbius transf...

Given a set of n hyperplanes h1, . . . , hn ∈ R d the hyperplane depth of a point P ∈ R is the minimum number of hyperplanes that a ray from P can meet. The hyperplane depth of the arrangement is the maximal depth of points P not in any hi. We give an optimal O(n logn) deterministic algorithm to compute the hyperplane depth of an arrangement in dimension d = 2.

Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation that is relevant for prosocial behavior among humans. Indirect reciprocity means that my behavior towards you also depends on what you have done to others. Indirect reciprocity is associated with the evolution of social intelligence and human language. Most approaches to indirect reciprocity assume obligatory interactions, but...