Globalization is a key context for the study of social determinants of health (SDH). Broadly stated, SDH are the conditions in which people live and work, and that affect their opportunities to lead healthy lives.In this first article of a three-part series, we describe the origins of the series in work conducted for the Globalization Knowledge Network of the World Health Organization's Commiss...

Action on the social determinants of health (SDH) is required to reduce inequities in health. This article summarises global progress, largely in terms of commitments and strategies. It is clear that there is widespread support for a SDH approach across the world, from global political commitment to within country action. Inequities in the conditions in which people are born, live, work and age...

BACKGROUND The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are monitored using national-level statistics, which have shown substantial improvements in many countries. These statistics may be misleading, however, and may divert resources from disadvantaged populations within the same countries that are showing progress. The purpose of this article is to set out the relevance and design of the "Evidence ...

BACKGROUND The importance of tackling economic, social and health-related inequities is increasingly accepted as a core concern for the post-Millennium Development Goal framework. However, there is a global dearth of high-quality, policy-relevant and actionable data on inequities within populations, which means that development solutions seldom focus on the people who need them most. INTREC (IN...

BACKGROUND Almost seven years after the publication of the final report of the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), its third recommendation has not been attended to properly. Measuring health inequities (HI) within countries and globally, in order to develop and evaluate evidence-based policies and actions aimed at the social determinants of health (S...

This work focuses on numerical methods for finding optimal investment, dividend payment, and capital injection policies to maximize the present value of the difference between the cumulative dividend payment and the possible capital injections. The surplus is modeled by a regime-switching jump diffusion process subject to both regular and singular controls. Using dynamic programming principle, ...

In the past few years, there have been several new developments in the way real estate investment trusts (REITs) access capital. There has been an increasing trend toward the use of unsecured debt, and REITs may also alter their dividend policy in order to generate capital internally to the extent they can. There has been little empirical research into the market's reaction to unsecured debt an...

this paper divulges the long term relationship among earning, investment and dividends from 2000 to 2011. empirical evidence was collected to explore the modigliani and miller theory of dividend irrelevance. data was collected from all the sectors but it was ensured that firms did not have negative data of earnings as it is earnings which are either transformed into investment or dividends. mul...

This paper measures the effect of dividend initiation announcements on firms’ stock returns using a propensity score matching approach. Unlike the traditional event study methodology, propensity score matching can reduce the bias in the estimation of dividend initiation effects by controlling for the existence of confounding factors. Consistent with previous studies, the results show that divid...