Phase errors in a Fizeau phase-shifting interferometer caused by multiple-reflected beams from a retroreflective optics, such as a corner cube and a right-angle prism, are studied. Single- and double-pass configurations are presented, and their measurement results are compared. An attenuator is not needed in a double-pass configuration because light is reflected by the retroreflective optics tw...

many studies have been done on hybrid vehicles in the past few years. the full hybrid vehicles need a large number of batteries creating up to 300 (v) to meet the required voltage of electric motor. the size and weight of the batteries cause some problems. this research investigates the mild hybrid vehicle. this vehicle includes a small electric motor and a high power internal combustion engine...

We theoretically demonstrate that a system formed by drift-current biased graphene sheet on silicon carbide substrate enables loss compensation and plasmon amplification. The active response of the is rooted in optical pumping plasmons with gain provided streaming current carriers. proposed behaves as an amplifier for copropagating drifting electrons strong attenuator counter-propagating plasmo...

The potential role of atracurium besylate as a trigger or attenuator of the malignant hyperthermia syndrome was tested in six MHS Landrace swine. Animals were tested for susceptibility and then exposed to atracurium given as an i.v. bolus both alone and concomitantly with 2% halothane. In no instance could the syndrome be triggered by atracurium nor did it convincingly attenuate the syndrome wh...

A dual cantilever device has been demonstrated which can operate as a force sensor or variable attenuator. The device is fabricated using physical micromachining techniques that do not require cleanroom class facilities. The response of the device to mechanical actuation is measured, and shown to be well described by conventional fiber optic angular misalignment theory. The device has the poten...

We investigated experimentally and theoretically an invertible fiber-type transformation from a photonic bandgap fiber into a nonideal waveguide and then into an index-guiding photonic crystal fiber via the thermo-optic effect of the fluid filled in the air holes. Such a transformation could be used to develop an in-fiber optical switch/attenuator with a high-extinction ratio of more than 35 dB...

We report an in-line, fiber optic, broadband variable optical attenuator employing a side-polished, single-mode optical fiber integrated on a digital microfluidics platform. The system is designed to electrically translate a liquid droplet along the polished surface of an optical fiber using electrowetting forces. This fiber optic device has the advantage of no moving mechanical parts and lends...