When an organism responds for a reward, its learned behavior can be characterized as goal-directed or habitual based on whether or not it is susceptible to reward devaluation. Here, we evaluated whether instrumental responding for brain stimulation reward (BSR) can be devalued using a paradigm traditionally used for natural rewards. Rats were trained to lever press for BSR; afterward, BSR was p...

the spring of 1917 at an Indian hospital in G-erman East Africa, and were suggested by Bogers' record of three cases of subtertian and two of benign tertian malaria in which he observed the disappearance of gametes from the peripheral blood following the intravenous administration of tartar emetic. The great majority of malarial cases admitted to the hospital were of subtertian infection, and t...

BACKGROUND This study examined whether different ondansetron dosing schedules plus dexamethasone influenced antiemetic efficacy during multiple cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CT). Antiemetic activities between previous CT and subsequent cycles were compared. METHODS The cross-over study involved 424 patients. Arm A, three doses of 8 mg ondansetron given intravenously (IV) at 4-hourly...

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify anticipatory, acute, and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) frequency and coping strategies used among pediatric patients with cancer. DESIGN Prospective, cohort design. SETTING A pediatric teaching hospital in the southern United States. SAMPLE A convenience sample of 40 children aged 7-12 years scheduled to receive either moderately em...

Apomorphine, now established as an efficacious therapy for refractory motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease, has a long and chequered history in medical and veterinary therapeutics. The preclinical in vivo pharmacological effects of apomorphine were first studied about 150 years ago following which the drug was introduced for the treatment of behavioural vices in domesticat...

Background: Posotoprative nausea and vomiting remains a persistent and distressing problem inspite of many advances on perioperative care and anti-emetic drugs. A newer antiemetic drug Granisetron has not been studied in patients undergoing gynaecological surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Objective: A randomized double blind study was conducted to compare Ondansetron and Granisetron for prevent...

BACKGROUND Antiemetic triplet therapy including dexamethasone (DEX) is widely used for patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). In Japan, the appropriate dose of DEX has not been established for this combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the efficacy and safety of increased-dose DEX, we retrospectively examined patients receiving HEC with antiemetic triplet therapy. R...

The use of antimony compounds, particularly potassium antimonyl tartrate (Tartar emetic), in Cryptococcosis has occasionally been mentioned in the literature,2"' but no experimental study of the therapeutic rationale of the use of antimonials in this infection has to our knowledge ever been under-taken. It did not seem that Tartar emetic was of any therapeutic value, but this should not reflect...

John Brian Christopherson (1868-1955) was one of the first doctors to be recruited to serve in the Sudan under the British colonial rule. During his work in Sudan (1902-1919) he was key in establishing the civilian medical services in Sudan, including establishing Khartoum Civil Hospital (opened in 1909). The present article focuses on the work of Dr Christopherson in Khartoum Civil Hospital in...

OBJECTIVE Quality of life studies in Indonesia are still uncommon. This research was aimed to validate the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30 in Indonesian version. The standard procedure of forward-backward translation was adhered to in the translation procedures. The validity procedure included reliability, convergent and discriminant ...