In this article, I focus on defective conditionals, namely indicative conditionals whose antecedent is false and whose truth-value therefore cannot be determined. The problem is to decide which formal connective can adequately represent this usage. Classical logic renders defective conditionals true whereas traditional mathematics dismisses them as irrelevant. This difference in treatment entai...

We compared reasoners' inferences from conditionals based on possibilities in the present or the past (e.g., "If Linda had been in Dublin then Cathy would have been in Galway") with their inferences based on facts in the present or the past (e.g., "If Linda was in Dublin then Cathy was in Galway"). We propose that people construct a richer representation of conditionals that deal with possibili...

This work investigates the nature of two distinct response patterns in a probabilistic truth table evaluation task, in which people estimate the probability of a conditional on the basis of frequencies of the truth table cases. The conditional-probability pattern reflects an interpretation of conditionals as expressing a conditional probability. The conjunctive pattern suggests that some people...

Logical architectures combine several logics into a more complex logical system. In this paper we study a logical architecture using input/output operations corresponding to the functionality of logical components. We illustrate how the architectural approach can be used to develop a logic of a normative system based on logics of counts-as conditionals, institutional constraints, obligations an...

Translating the cultural terms in an understandable way for the target readers can be challenging for translators. Translators should be familiar with the cultures of both languages (i.e. source and target languages). The present study aimed to show that which cultural terms strategies are more common in translation of the novel titled “For One More Day” based on Aixela‟s model. This study also...

Abstract This paper discusses some key connexive principles construed as about reasons, that is, express logical properties of sentences the form ‘ p is a reason for q ’. Its main goal to show how theory reasons outlined by Crupi and Iacona, which based on their evidential account conditionals, yields formal treatment such validates restricted version discussed, overcoming limitations affect mo...

Abstract This paper explores an idea of Stoic descent that is largely neglected nowadays, the argument valid when conditional formed by conjunction its premises as antecedent and conclusion consequent true. As will be argued, once some basic features our naïve understanding validity are properly spelled out, a suitable account conditionals adopted, equivalence between arguments true makes perfe...

Many conditionals seem to convey the existence of a link between their antecedent and consequent. We draw on a recently proposed typology of conditionals to argue for an old philosophical idea according towhich the link is inferential in nature. We show that the proposal has explanatory force by presenting empirical results on the evidential meaning of certain English and Dutch modal expressions.

Counterfactual thought and talk play a central role throughout science and in many areas of philosophy. Hence it’s not surprising that they have been extensively studied in a number fields: besides philosophy itself, linguistics, psychology, and computer science. In particular, much work has gone into developing a logic and a semantics for counterfactual conditionals, i.e. conditionals of the f...