The present study aimed to document the constraints and limits in applying reflective teaching principles in ELT settings in Iran from the teachers’ perspective along with solutions and coping strategies to help remove the obstacles. 60 teachers teaching general English at 6 language institutes were selected through convenience sampling. First, the teacher participants filled out a reflectivity...

Causal continuity is usually defined by imposing the conditions (i) distinction and (ii) reflectivity. It is proved here that a new causality property which stays between weak distinction and causality, called feeble distinction, can actually replace distinction in the definition of causal continuity. An intermediate proof shows that feeble distinction and future (past) reflectivity implies pas...

[1] This paper presents an empirical method for converting reflectivity from Ku-band (13.8GHz) to S-band (2.8GHz) for several hydrometeor species, which facilitates the incorporation of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) measurements into quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products from the U.S. Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD). The development of empiric...

OBJECTIVE To assess the internal reflectivity of the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal, ocular hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography. METHODS All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination and achromatic automated perimetry. Intraocular pressure was 21 mm Hg or less for low-tension glaucoma and normal eyes and at least 25 mm Hg on 2 separate occasion...

Purpose To investigate layer-by-layer changes in retinal thickness and reflectivity regarding the severity grade of acute retinal artery occlusion (RAO) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods This study is a retrospective, observational case-control series that took place in an institutional setting and included 148 eyes from 74 patients diagnosed with acute RAO ...

We present a case that had two separate facet joints on the same side causing an intervertebral instability. The embryological pathogenesis of the congenital existence of two separate facet joints on the same side of the vertebra is not conclusively known. A 68-year-old woman presented with lower back pain and severe left leg pain. Neuroradiological evaluation including dynamic plain radiograph...

We injected methylene blue dye into 32 of the facet joints immediately above the defects in 17 consecutive patients with bilateral spondylolysis (34 defects). In 30 of these the dye flowed into a central cavity in the defect of the pars interarticularis and in 20 it passed into the facet joint below the defect. We found macroscopic cavities in 32 of the defects which communicated with the adjac...

The facet-engineered surface and interface design for photocatalytic materials has been proven as a versatile approach to enhance their photocatalytic performance. This review article encompasses some recent advances in the facet engineering that has been performed to control the surface of mono-component semiconductor systems and to design the surface and interface structures of multi-componen...

The cervical facet joints of 20 cadavers were studied systematically with MR, CT, cryomicrotomy, and histologic sections to determine the anatomic changes that occur with age. Uniform layers of cartilage and subarticular cortical bone characterize the cervical facet joints in cadavers under 20 years of age. Most adult cervical facet joints have only a discolored or microscopically thin layer of...

Carrier frequencies of networked weather radars are allocated in a narrow band, i.e., in X-, C-, and Sbands. To reduce signal interference among adjacent radars, the carrier frequencies are offset. A calibration procedure, running on radars, brings reflectivity values to the same level assuming that the intrinsic reflectivity of the scattering media is the same. This assumption is good for rain...