Text contains a range of different spatial frequencies but the effectiveness of spatial frequencies for normal variations in skilled adult reading ability is unknown. Accordingly, young skilled adult readers showing fast or slow reading ability read sentences displayed as normal or filtered to contain only very low, low, medium, high, or very high spatial frequencies. Reading times and eye move...

BACKGROUND Prior findings suggest that poor readers tend to have poor visual skills, but few reports give full frequency distributions of skill variables, and little data are available for adolescents. METHODS Visual skills and visual acuity were measured in 461 students (average age 15.4 years) in 4 California high schools within the same school district. Participating students had been iden...

Communication strategies (CSs) are systematic attempts by language learners to encode or decode meaning in a target language in situations where the appropriate target language rules have not been formed. Based on this view, communication strategies can be seen as compensatory means for making up for linguistic deficiencies of second or foreign language learners. Within the conceptual framework...

This study investigated the impact of Chinese ESL learners’ second language (L2) proficiency on English word recognition in a lexical decision task. The study focused on the interaction among one between-participant variable (L2 proficiency) and three within-participant variables (orthographic neighborhood density, word frequency, and words/nonwords). ANOVA and two-tailed t-test indicated that:...

Given the narrow scope of primary teachers’ knowledge and use of children’s literature identified in Phase I of Teachers as Readers (2006-7), the core goal of the Phase II project, was to improve teachers’ knowledge and experience of such literature in order to help them increase children's motivation and enthusiasm for reading, especially those less successful in literacy. The year long projec...

In RFID reader systems, power amplifier plays a critical rule for efficiency enhancement. A high efficiency power amplifier may not only increase the life expectancy of portable RFID devices but also reduce the reliance on heat sinks. Heat sinks usually occupy plenty of space and lead to packing difficulties. A well-designed power amplifier with high efficiency and output power may also increas...

Engagement markers are linguistic devices through which academic writers pull their readers into texts and negotiate with them. This particular form of negotiation is crucial for the acceptance new knowledge claimed by in addition to meeting expectations who highly proficient scholars, specifically postgraduate genres. A great deal research has concentrated on use engagement articles. Hence, th...

Eye movements of Chinese readers were monitored as they read sentences containing target words whose predictability from the preceding context was high, medium, or low. Readers fixated for less time on high- and medium-predictable target words than on low-predictable target words. They were also more likely to fixate on low-predictable target words than on high- or medium-predictable target wor...

Background The results of surgical trials are often challenged because of concerns about the experience and skill of the surgeons taking part. When well-established alternative surgical procedures exist, individual surgeons are usually more proficient in, and favour, a single approach. Conventional within-surgeon randomisation requires surgeons to be proficient in both procedures, which may ske...