one of the most important issues about production structure and measurement of factors utilization in industry is the study of substitutability among the production factors. while, energy, for its particular features like finite and the direct relationship between energy usage and air pollution; and specifically abundance of energy resources and allocation of subsidies to different energy carri...

industrial energy consumption lies between 30% and 70% of the total energy consumed in selected countries. cement production is one of the most energy intensive industries all around the world. this paper deals with an energy audit analysis in a cement plant in iran. in all recent works, after performing an energy audit, different strategies are offered to reduce energy losses. generally, these...

in the sector of electricity production, the existence of investment resources limitation and environmental factors are the main factors that influence this process. the reduction of costs and the destructive impacts of environmental have been always mentioned by specialists. consequently, the drasticality of the environmental protection and the electric-energy production lead to focus on solar...

Reproduced by the permission of ECS – The Electrochemical Society leakages to fuel system will retain the anode in oxidized state. Moreover, some performance loss was measured when the stack was heated to 400 C before fuel supply was started. Therefore, it is recommended that the supply of hydrogen-rich reducing gas is started already below 350 C, or as low temperature as possible, to prevent o...

The atomic theory of matter has a long history, in some ways all the way back to the ancient Greeks (Democritus ca. 400 BCE suggested that all things are composed of indivisible “atoms”). From what we can observe, atoms have certain properties and behaviors, which can be summarized as follows: Atoms are small, with diameters on the order of 0.1 nm. Atoms are stable, they do not spontaneously br...

Abstract Hydrogen is regarded as a leading candidate for alternative future fuels. Solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOEC) may provide a cost-effective and green route to hydrogen production especially when coupled to a source of renewable electrical energy. Developing an understanding of the response of the SOEC stack to transient events that may occur during its operation with intermittent elec...

In this paper, local hydrogen energy storage is proposed asan alternative to grid reinforcements in rural areas withhigh wind power potential and weak distribution lines.Present and future production cost estimates of electricityare calculated for different wind-storage systems assumingoptimal operation in a competitive power market. It isshown that hydrogen energy stora...

The electrolysis of water provides a link between electrical energy and hydrogen, a high energy density fuel and a versatile energy carrier, but the process is very expensive. Indeed, the main challenge is to reduce energy consumption for large-scale applications using efficient renewable catalysts that can be produced at low cost. Here we present for the first time that laccase can catalyze el...

The Syngas Chemical Looping (SCL) process converts gaseous fuels such as syngas and hydrocarbons into hydrogen and electricity while capturing 100% of the CO2 generated 1, . The SCL process simplifies the overall fuel conversion scheme while reducing pollutants in an indirect but highly effective manner. This is achieved via a specially tailored Fe2O3 based composite particle. As a result, hydr...

Because of electricity subsidies, electricity price in Iran is much lower than its real value, and the growth of electricity demand is much more than its rational rate, which in turn implies ever increasing investment in the electricity section by the Government. Therefore, the recent Government policies are based on elimination of electricity subsidies, followed by commissioning complete elect...