General anaesthesia is the controlled and reversible loss of consciousness, which is helpful in ruminants for many surgical procedures that warrant effective control of pain and movement. General anaesthesia is indicated when the demands of technical and anatomical aspects of surgical procedure exceed the capabilities of sedative drugs and local analgesia. Moreover, the patient co-operation and...

BACKGROUND Although most physicians are aware of the potential for abuse and resale of prescribed medications, little has been done to document it. The purpose of this study was to determine which prescription drugs have street value, what that value is and why these drugs are used. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional survey using a semistructured interview technique was carried out on 2 we...

During a prospective study of the whole spectrum of drug-related problems treated in one month by 62 casualty departments in the Greater London area, 949 cases of deliberate self-poisoning were identified. Nearly three-quarters of the patients were under the age of 40 years and in all age groups women outnumbered men. Psychoactive drugs of some sort were used in 673 incidents (71%) and ordinary...

Classical benzodiazepine drugs are in wide clinical use as anxiolytics, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants. They act by enhancing the gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor function in the central nervous system. The pharmacological relevance of the multitude of structurally diverse GABA(A) receptor subtypes has only recently been identified. Based on an in vivo point mutat...

The benzodiazepines have now been available to the clinician for over 20 years, since the introduction of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) in 1960. The broad and unique spectrum of activity of these compounds as anxiolytics, hypnotics/sedatives, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants, together with their low toxicity and an essential absence from peripheral side-effects, has resulted in compounds of th...

During the years 1972--76 drug prescriptions and sales of drugs were surveyed in Iceland. Compared with the other Nordic countries, except Denmark, sales of the psychotropic drugs which may lead to addiction were highest in Iceland, as previously reported. Here we explain the efforts of the Icelandic health authorities to reduce the legitimate consumption of psychotropic drugs. These efforts ar...

BACKGROUND Risk factors for hip fracture are well studied because of the negative impact on patients and the community, with mortality in the first year being almost 30% in the elderly. Age, gender and fall risk-increasing drugs, identified by the National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden, are well known risk factors for hip fracture, but how multimorbidity level affects the risk of hip fr...

Background. Prescription opioids are the most frequently misused class of prescription drug among young adults aged 18-25, yet trajectories of opioid misuse and escalation are understudied. We sought to model opioid misuse patterns and relationships between opioid misuse, sociodemographic factors, and other substance uses. Methods. Participants were 575 young adults age 16-25 who had misused op...

Many essential oils and monoterpenes are used therapeutically as relaxing drugs and tranquilizers. In this study, ten structurally related monoterpene alcohols, present in many essential oils, were evaluated in mice to investigate their pharmacological potential in the central nervous system. Isopulegol (1), neoisopulegol (2), (+/-)-isopinocampheol (3), (-)-myrtenol (4), (-)-cis-myrtanol (5), (...

OBJECTIVE To examine the change in use of hypnotics and/or sedatives after gastric bypass surgery or intensive lifestyle modification in adults with obesity. METHODS Adults with obesity who underwent gastric bypass surgery or initiated intensive lifestyle modification between 2007 and 2012 were identified through the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry and a Swedish commercial weight loss d...