It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to draw a distinction between the explicit knowledge appearing in an agent's memory and the implicit knowledge it represents. Many AI theories of knowledge assume this representation relation is logical, that is, that implicit knowledge is derived from expficit knowledge via a logic. Such theories, however, are limited in their ability to treat incom...

Capitalizing upon Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs) and Leader-member exchange (LMX), this research aims to explore the relationship between the congruence of employees’ ILTs and those traits of their managers and employees’ supportiveness, resistance and behavioral creativity for change. After distributing three questionnaires at three points among teachers, 296 participants completed all th...

Recent studies have shown that the metacognitive judgments adults infer from their experiences of encoding-effort vary in accordance with their naive theories of intelligence. To determine whether this finding extends to young children or whether they instead rely on a single heuristic for interpreting encoding-effort (as has been suggested), we conducted a study in which third and fifth grader...

Many definitions of giftedness exist (Kaufman & Sternberg, 2007; 2008). While these theories differ in important ways, such as their dimensionality, their emphasis on creativity, or their focus on developmental and environmental factors, they all emphasize the importance of conscious, deliberate, learning and the assessment of giftedness using tests that require explicit thought. This emphasis ...