In the past, industrial control systems were ‘air gapped’ and isolated from more conventional networks. They used specialist protocols, such as Modbus, that are very different from TCP/IP. Individual devices used proprietary operating systems rather than the more familiar Linux or Windows. However, things are changing. There is a move for greater connectivity – for instance so that higher-level...

In the current competitive scenario, industrial companies experience frequent unexpected changes in production demand. To cope with this, they often opt for investments in manufacturing technologies which embed extra-flexibility that is rarely utilized and, consequently, affects financial and operational performance. Innovative flexibility-oriented business models based on innovative service va...

low stability, high cost and high selectivity towards the reaction conditions, they are limited to industrial applications [1-3]. In order to facilitate their usage in industrial applications several developments have been done in the field of enzyme technology during the last two decades [4]. Immobilization of enzymes on solid supports has become most familiar technique after Nelson and Griffi...

Over the past decade, the commercial and industrial Virtual Environment (VE) or Virtual Reality (VR) developer community has experienced many problems as a result of the outrageous claims of the early proponents of “immersive” technologies and the dominance of graphics supercomputer companies. Today, the very fact that a commercial, off-the-shelf personal computer, equipped with a low-cost grap...

Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a rapidly growing scientific discipline. In the Netherlands, various universities and companies are tackling variety of opportunities challenges within this field. perspective article, we review current synthetic landscape in Netherlands across academia, industry, politics, society. Especially Dutch academia there an active, though only partially connected, researc...