Needle-free jet injectors (NFJIs) are one of the alternatives to hypodermic needles for transdermal drug delivery. These devices use a high-velocity stream puncture skin and deposit drugs in subcutaneous tissue. NFJIs typically exhibit two phases injection – namely an initial peak-pressure phase (< 5 ms), followed by constant speed (? ms). In NFJIs, velocity diameter tailored achieve required p...

BACKGROUND Prevalence rates for long-term injection drug users in some localities surpass 60% for HIV and 80% for HCV. We describe methods for developing grounded hypotheses about how some injectors avoid infection with either virus. METHODS SUBJECTS 25 drug injectors who have injected drugs 8 - 15 years in New York City. 17 remain without antibody to either HIV or HCV; 3 are double-positi...

BACKGROUND In 2003, it became legal in the UK for syringe exchange programmes (SEPs) to provide citrate to injecting drug users to solubilise heroin. Little work has been undertaken on the effect of policy change on SEP function. Here, we examine whether the introduction of citrate in Cheshire and Merseyside SEPs has altered the number of heroin/crack injectors accessing SEPs, the frequency at ...

This article discusses the atomization of composite liquid fuels. A large group injectors is considered. comparative analysis characteristics (droplet sizes and velocities, jet opening angles) influence fuel (density, viscosity, component composition) process parameters (the ratio fuel–air mass flow rates, features formation) has been carried out. Finally, most effective types injectors, which ...

Abstract This paper presents a streamlined design procedure for water-based noise suppression systems that are applicable to multiple classes of rocket engines. A newly adapted steady quasi-one-dimensional two-phase model is employed predict the evolution exhaust gases interacting with water droplets. Such embedded into two-step optimization objective finding most efficient combination suppress...