Present policy neither evaluates nor adequately protects the fetus from the effects of intrauterine exposure to environmental hazards. Some examples are intrauterine lead and methylmercury exposure and intrauterine PCB exposures. A sound policy based on a few basic principles can be developed to protect the fetus from harm from intrauterine exposures.

Case presentation: Female patient, second daughter of a healthy couple, was first bought for neuropediatrician evaluation with three days old already the diagnosis spinal muscular atrophy 5q (SMA) type 1. The firstborn this couple had same (deceased one month after her birthday) therefore they decided to test child while still in uterus. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) SMA performed villochoria...

INTRODUCTION Complications of copper load intrauterine devices, including ectopic pregnancies are well reported. Rates of ectopic pregnancy are 0.6 to 1.1% per year. However, the levonorgestrel intrauterine device has been described as more protective against ectopic pregnancies due to the addition of the hormone levonorgestrel. The hormone released from the intrauterine device causes some syst...

BACKGROUND Synthetic glucocorticoids are commonly used in reproductive medicine. Fetal organ systems are highly sensitive to changes in the intrauterine environment, including overexposure to glucocorticoids. Structural and functional alterations resulting from such changes may persist throughout life and have been associated with diverse diseases. One system that could be particularly sensitiv...

INTRODUCTION Intrauterine devices are often accompanied by various complications, of which the uterine perforation constitutes the most dangerous one. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 41-year-old woman complaining of right upper quadrant pain. She had an intrauterine device inserted 12 years earlier without regular follow-up. Abdominal plain X-ray revealed the intrauterine device tran...

background : there are various variables such as the duration and the client consistency' in using a special contraceptive method as well as some individual determinants. which play important roles in optimal using of different contraceptive methods. iud cu- 380a is a safe and an effective method used by 12.5% urban women in east azarbaijan. correlation between continuation rate of using iud cu...

intrauterine device (iud), a conventional method of contraception is rarely associated with uterine perforation and extra uterine dislocation. a 29 years old woman complaining of vaginal bleeding was referred for pelvic mass identified in ultrasound. the mass was confirmed with ct scan. in laparatomy we found an iud in cul-de-sac and pelvic mass was apparently an organized hematoma. transmigrat...

introduction: prevalence of infertility in general population is around 15-10 percent. intra- uterine insemination (iui) is one method for treatment of infertility. success rate of this method is affected by different factors. past studies have shown that induction of ovulation and iui has increased significantly the chance of pregnancy in the infertile couple, especially male factor infertilit...