Pleasants has developed the idea of basic moral certainties. Analogous to Wittgenstein's empirical certainties, they are best described as universal certainties which natural and nonpropositional, show unreflectively in way we act. A clear-cut example is wrongness killing innocent human beings. Philosophers have levelled three damaging criticisms against Pleasants' proposal by (i) offering coun...

Provisions for the execution of madliyah livelihood conditions in statutory regulations, especially provisions Article 70 Law Number 7 1989 concerning Religion Courts as amended by 3 2006 and 50 2009, directly result a lack certainty. The law on right to maintain also has direct implications trust society, women, which should be able defend women's rights serve bridge resolve issues that obtain...

Falsification of a universal statement such as “all swans are white” requires verification of a particular statement such as “this swan is black.” Verification is an inductive process because it consists in examining one feature of the bird after another. The color of the feathers is not sufficient (the bird with black feathers could be a crow); many other features have to be compared. The iden...

Probability can be used to measure degree of belief in two ways: objectively and subjectively. The objective measure is a measure of the rational degree of belief in a proposition given a set of evidential propositions. The subjective measure is the measure of a particular subject’s dispositions to decide between options. In both measures, certainty is a degree of belief 1. I will show, however...

abstract aim and background: the key purpose of the study was to investigation the relationship of job burnout and some of job variables like type and level of responsibility, service and mangement experiences. method and materials: this descriptive study was conducted on 245 managers and vice-chancellors randomly selected by the cluster-sampling technique. they were assessed by job burnout que...

That disquisitions on psychological topics should, to a great many persons, be devoid of interest, as having no moral or practical result, is one of the strongest evidences of the need of such inquiries, and betokens the undue sway which physical science, the inferior grade, the democracy of knowledge, exercises among us. To imagine that psychological inquiries are unprofitable speculations?a m...

This work is concerned with mapping of indoor environment by a team of robots who share the information they gather to build a global representation of the environment in a consistent, efficient, and scalable way. The well known approach of Decentralized Data Fusion is applied to a widely used representation of Certainty Grid maps. The result is a scalable and intuitive algorithm for combining ...