Medical coding is a process of classifying health records according to standard code sets representing procedures and diagnoses. It is an integral part of health care in the U.S., and the high costs it incurs have prompted adoption of natural language processing techniques for automatic generation of these codes from the clinical narrative contained in electronic health records. The need for ef...

Problems inherent in current machine translation systems have been reviewed and have been shown to be inherently inconsistent. The present paper defines a model based on a series of human language processing and in particular the use of analogical thinking. Machine translation systems developed so far have a kind of inherent contradiction in themselves. The more detailed a system has become by ...

This paper describes a framework for incorporating referential semantic information from a world model or ontology directly into a probabilistic language model of the sort commonly used in speech recognition, where it can be probabilistically weighted together with phonological and syntactic factors as an integral part of the decoding process. Introducing world model referents into the decoding...

This article discusses strategies to express intimacy with and exaltation of the addressee ― affective stances morphologically incompatible in the Japanese honorific system, wherein addressees are marked as either psychologically distant and exalted, honored, shown respect or intimate and not exalted. To resolve this dilemma, speakers commonly embed soliloquy in dialogic discourse, a strategy d...

Spoken queries are a natural medium for searching the Mobile Web. Language modeling for voice search recognition offers different challenges compared to more conventional speech applications. The challenges arise from the fact that spoken queries are usually a set of keywords and do not have a syntactic and grammatical structure. This paper describes a cooccurrence based approach to improve the...

Apart from IDF, term frequencies are also important and we would like to incorporate them into our scoring function. From now on, we will treat Aj as a random variable that denotes the number of occurrences of term j in a document. So, what should P (Aj = a) and P (Aj = a|Rq = y) be? In other words, how do we model the distributions of these random variables? Here we have two options: continuou...

Sufficient conditions are found for the existence of multiparametrical families of proper oscillatory and vanishing-at-infinity solutions of the differential equation u(n)(t) = g ( t, u(τ0(t)), . . . , u(τm−1(t)) ) , where n ≥ 4, m is the integer part of 2 , g : R+ × R m → R is a function satisfying the local Carathéodory conditions, and τi : R+ → R (i = 0, . . . , m− 1) are measurable function...

We show that to every recursive total continuous functional Φ there is a representative Ψ of Φ in the hierearchy of partial continuous functionals such that Ψ is S1 − S9 computable over the hierarchy of partial continuous functionals. Equivalently, the representative Ψ will be PCF -definable over the partial continuous functionals, where PCF is Plotkin’s programming language for computable func...