improper drug prescription by physicians due to wrong diagnosis, wrong drug choise or other causes will waste national funds. the annual drug costs in iran is 900 billions rials. with approvement of prescription, it can be reduced to 500 billions rials. effective factors in costs reduction are: 1) increasing medical knowledge and persistent education of physicians. 2) spending more time for eac...

Theory suggests that personality traits evolved to have costs and benefits, with the effectiveness of a trait dependent on how these costs and benefits relate to the present circumstances. This suggests that traits that are generally viewed as positive can have a 'dark side' and those generally viewed as negative can have a 'bright side' depending on changes in context. We test this in a sample...

Health effects associated with electricity production, especially air pollution from fossil fuel combustion, have received much attention in the past 30 years. Virtually no attention has been paid to the health costs of a reduced or overpriced energy supply although these are real and formidable. Stringent regulations mandating control technology on stack emissions and/or burning of low sulfur ...

Class-1 integrons play an important role in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance determinants. In a recent study we showed that host fitness was dramatically reduced following acquisition of these elements. These fitness costs were due to the presence of an active integrase and we suggested that the mechanistic explanation was due to reduced genetic stability through IntI1 media...

Efforts to combat COVID-19 have largely focused on vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions decrease hospitalization death reduce transmission. First generation direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are only authorized for high-risk patients individual risk of disease progression. However, DAAs can also impact transmission by reducing viral load, thereby shortening the duration infectivity. N...

The condition of the used products acquired by remanufacturing firms often varies widely. A firm can manage this variation by acquiring a quantity of used items that exceeds demand, enabling it to remanufacture a subset of the acquired items in the best condition. As more excess items are acquired, the firm can increase its selectivity and lower its remanufacturing costs. In this paper, we exam...