background and objects the patient’s age at the first hypospadias repair may be an important factor for determining postoperative outcomes. age at the first procedure differs between western countries and medical centers in china. this review examines the differences between the incidence of surgical complications and surgical age in boys receiving hypospadias repairs in north america, europe a...

objective(s) opioid abuse is still remained a major mental health problem, a criminal legal issue and may cause ischemic brain changes including stroke and brain edema. in the present study, we investigated whether spontaneously withdrawal syndrome might affect stroke outcomes. materials and methods addiction was induced by progressive incremental doses of morphine over 7 days. behavioral signs...

Many chemicals with broad industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural application produce a neurotoxic syndrome in humans and experimental animals involving weight loss, skeletal muscle weakness and ataxia. Neurotoxicity is defined as a structural change or a functional alteration of the nervous system resulting from exposure to a chemical, biological or physical agent. Neurotoxicity including ...