This review of research considers the occurrence and function of Spanish discourse markers and other particles in indigenous speech. I discuss important research that has examined these phenomena and refer to studies of bilingual discourse markers in other non-indigenous language contact situations to address unresolved issues concerning the form and function of these particles in indigenous la...

In order to generate cohesive discourse, many of the relations holding between text segments need to be signalled to the reader by means of cue words, or discourse markers. Programs usually do this in a simplistic way, e.g., by using one marker per relation. In reality, however, language ooers a very wide range of markers from which informed choices should be made. In order to account for the v...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the human obligate pathogen responsible for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea, has evolved several mechanisms to evade the host immune response. One such mechanism is the modulation of host cell death pathways. In this study, we defined cell death pathways induced by N gonorrhoeae in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In a dose-dependent manner, N gonorrh...

We previously reported that the stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) by plate-bound i.v. Igs inhibits HIV-1 replication. In this study, we show that IgG immune complexes also suppress HIV-1 replication in MDMs and that activating receptors for the Fc portion of IgG-FcgammaRI, FcgammaRIIA, and FcgammaRIII-are responsible for the inhibition. MDM stimulation through FcgammaRs induces ...

background and purpose: micrornas are small non-coding rnas with 1924- nucleotides in length. up- or downregulation of many mirnas has been shown by stimulation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in the innate immune system. up-regulation of mir-146a has been reported by both tlr and heat-killed candida albicans. in this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of mir-146a in cultured monocyte-der...

1500 INSIGHTS | The Journal of Experimental Medicine jem.2118insight1fig1.jpegMacrophages mediate myelin destruction in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the origin of these cells (whether derived from tissue-resident microglial cells or infiltrating monocytes) has been widely debated. Now, Yamasaki and colleagues distinguish these cells in a mouse model of MS and show that monocyte-derived...

• Temporal discourse markers such as after, before or while are commonly described as triggers for discourse relations expressing a temporal relation (Mann and Thompson, 1987; Knott, 1996). However, only little research has been done regarding the interaction of such discourse markers with the context within a multi-sentence discourse. Lascarides & Oberlander (1993), for instance, note that sen...

The purpose of this article is to investigate the similarities and differences in the usage of discourse markers such as because, so, and, etc. among the following three types of university students: native speakers of English (NS), non-native Chinese students (CNNS, mainland Chinese), and non-native Japanese students (JNNS). All the CNNS and JNNS have studied English as a foreign language for ...

The objective of this study is to examine numerical evaluations the mosquito dispersal mathematical system (MDMS) in a heterogeneous atmosphere through artificial intelligence (AI) techniques via Bayesian regularization neural networks (BSR-NNs). MDMS constructed with six classes, i.e., eggs, larvae, pupae, host, resting mosquito, and ovipositional site densities-based ODEs system. computing BS...