Introduction: The human skin is an active medium from the optical point of view. Therefore, the diagnostic and therapeutic techniques employing light are increasing. Current optical techniques are based on the measurement of the intensity of reflected absorbed or backscattered light from or within skin. Studies have shown that biological tissues, and in particular skin, demonstrate polarization...

An inherent polarization sensitivity of a volume grating, in general, can be used to determine all the Stokes parameters of input beams. We demonstrate the polarization-dependent bandgap in a photonic crystal in principle at any wavelength using the finite-difference time-domain method. We show how this bandgap can be used to realize a volume-grating Stokesmeter. We also present an explicit des...

A systematic study of the effect of composition on the thermo-physical properties of the binary mixtures of 1-methyl-3-pentyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate [MPI][PF(6)] with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [M(w) = 400] is presented. The excess molar volume, refractive index deviation, viscosity deviation, and surface tension deviation values were calculated from these experimental density, ρ, ref...

Recently, it has been observed that the effective dipolar interactions between nuclear spins of spin-carrying molecules of a gas in a closed nano-cavities are independent of the spacing between all spins. We derive exact time-dependent polarization for all spins in spin1 2 ensemble with spatially independent effective dipolar interactions. If the initial polarization is on a single (first) spin...

This paper deals with the use of tetrabutylammonium fluoride/dimethylsulfoxide (TBAF/DMSO) to characterize the molar mass distribution of non-derivatized cellulosic samples by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different cellulose samples with various average degree of polymerization (DP) were first solubilized in this solvent system, with increasing TBAF rates, and then analyzed by SEC coupl...

We discuss the polarization properties and first-order diffraction efficiencies of volume phase holographic (VPH) transmission gratings, which can be exploited to improve the throughput of modern spectrographs. The wavelength of peak efficiency can be tuned by adjustment of the incidence angle. We show that the variation of the Kogelnik efficiency versus Bragg angle depends only on one paramete...

We propose a polarization volume grating (PVG), which exhibits nearly 100% diffraction efficiency and large diffraction angle. Both reflective and transmissive PVGs can be configured depending on application preference. Such a PVG is polarization-sensitive so that it can split an incident unpolarized beam into two well-separated yet polarized beams. These outstanding features make PVG a strong ...

Apparent molar compressibilities (φk) and apparent molar volume (φv) of L-valine, L-leucine andL-phenylalanine in aqueous solution of KNO3 at different concentrations have been determined at the temperature 303.15K using a standard ultrasonic frequency of 2 MHz. The above parameters can be evaluated from precise density, ultrasonic velocity and time flow measurements using a specific gravity bo...