Civic engagement fails to foster democratic representation and accountability when women or other marginalized groups face barriers to participation, as they do in many developing countries. Rather than flattening access to participation, a randomly assigned civic education course in Mali widened the gender gap when it increased civic activity among men while decreasing that among women. Qualit...

Women politicalparticipation in Nigeria is an issue of concern to many because of the continuing record of women's underrepresentation in both elective and appointive positions. Although, several effortshave been made by both government and non-governmental organizations to increase the level of women's participation in politics through affirmative action. This paper examined these efforts and ...

The rural citizens’ political participation case of Xiaohe Village in Dezhou City of Shangdong Province indicates that in the underdeveloped rural regions of Chinese eastern provinces, rural citizens’ political participation has the characters such as the participation enthusiasm and organization degree are lower, the political participation degree and level are lower, and the probability of th...

Social capital plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of political institutions, and the economic performance of nations. Malaysia is a multiracial country with a population of 22,2 millions. The four main ethnic communities are the Malay, Chinese, Indian and the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak. The indigenous people account for only about 12 per cent of the population but t...

Different Interpretations of a National Curriculum: A Reflection on the Islamic Republic of Iran's Ratified Curriculum N. Salsabili, Ph.D. Curriculum planning is a major task in any national educational system as it involves not only educational concerns, but socio-political and cultural issues as well. Given the variety of perspectives on each of these dimensions, it would be natural...

This article focuses on the analysis of public opinions of the Ukrainian people on the nature, character, and characteristics of the citizens’ political activism during the Orange Revolution. The author analyzes data from the annual nationwide representative survey, conducted by the Institute of Sociology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in February–March 2005. The time lag allows for t...

today, on the one hand, the challenge of politicians shows their own distinctive face in order to outpace rivals; and on the other hand, for making an effort to attract maximum participation of people in the election, it has made the political marketing significantly more than ever. in this paper, the research method consists of descriptive-correlative performed by survey, which is intended to ...

Since South Africa's first national democratic elections in 1994, the Government of National Unity has issued several curriculum-related reforms intended to democratise education and eliminate inequalities in the post-apartheid education system. The most comprehensive of these reforms has been labelled outcomes-based education (OBE), an approach to education which underpins the new Curriculum 2...