OBJECTIVES This study is aimed to determine the role of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in modulating antimicrobial resistance and natural transformation of Campylobacter jejuni, an important food-borne human pathogen. METHODS A series of C. jejuni mutants, which are defective in either CPS or LOS or both, were constructed. The antimicrobial susceptibility, bacteri...

OBJECTIVE Streptococcus mitis is a predominant oral colonizer, but difficulties in genetic manipulation of this species have hampered our understanding of the mechanisms it uses for colonization of oral surfaces. The aim of this study was to reveal optimal conditions for natural genetic transformation in S. mitis and illustrate its application in direct genome editing. METHODS Luciferase repo...

The paper presents the abstraction transformation which is a fundamental method for creating functions in ADATE. The use of abstraction turns out to be similar to evolution by gene duplication which is emerging as the most important theory of \building blocks" in natural genomes. We discuss the relationship between abstraction and its natural counterparts, but also give novel technical details ...

We introduce a calculus for transforming first-order proofs of theorems originally formulated in modal logic, into modal natural deduction proofs. With a transformation procedure based on this calculus, we are able to present a proof in the language in which the problem was originally formulated, and in a formalism giving better insight into the contents of the proof. As a target language of th...

In this paper, free vibration analysis of orthotropic functionally graded material (FGM) cylinders was carried out by a Mesh-Free method. In this analysis, moving least squares shape functions are used for approximation of displacement field in the weak form of equilibrium equation. Essential boundary conditions are imposed by transformation method. In this simulation, an axisymmetric model is ...

cacl2 treatment followed by heat shock is the most common method for artificial transformation. here, the cells were transformed using cacl2 treatment either with heat shock (standard protocol) or without heat shock (lab protocol) to comprehend the difference in transformation efficiency. the bl21 strain of escherichia coli (e. coli) was being susceptible using cacl2 treatment. some cells were ...

iron reducing bacteria (irb) are one of the most applicable microorganisms in various industrial and environmental activities. these bacteria play a main role in the natural iron transformation. they act in a reverse metabolic pathway in contrast to iron oxidizing bacteria. in the anaerobic conditions irb are capable to use ferric ion as the final electron acceptor and reduce fe3+ to fe2+. what...

transformationprocessesdebate ontheinteractionsbetween archaeological artifacts  and structures based on their natural and cultural environments. these processes provide a good picture about the site formation after its creation until now. recognition of these processes and their context help archaeologists to interpret archaeological data in an appropriate way. in this paper i would argue abou...