energy as an important production factor has significant effects on economic growth. identifying the relationship between energy and economic growth can help to improve governmental energy policies. applying ardl and ecm methods, this paper examines the longrun and shortrun causality relationships between (1) energy consumption and economic growth and (2) energy consumption and employment in va...

Granger causality (GC) is a statistical notion of causal influence based on prediction via linear vector autoregression. For Gaussian variables it equivalent to transfer entropy, an information-theoretic measure time-directed information between jointly dependent processes. We exploit such equivalence and calculate exactly the local causality, i.e., profile transferred from driver target proces...

Feedback fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) can model the complex structure of public support for insurgency and terrorism (PSOT). FCMs are fuzzy signed directed graphs that model degrees of causality in interwoven webs of feedback causality and policy variables. Their nonlinear dynamics permit forward-chaining inference from input causes and policy options to output effects. We show how a concept nod...