The present study aimed at exploring the potential of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporters as a barrier to the repaglinide (REG) epithelial permeability. In-vitro intestinal absorption models, the everted gut sac, and Caco-2 cell line, were used to study the possible role of P-gp in intestinal transport of REG. In the everted gut sacs, apparent permeability coefficients showed cargo concentra...

Serum and urine concentrations of ampicillin, amoxycillin, and flucloxacillin achieved after oral administration have been measured in 27 newborn infants. Compared with adults and children, newborn infants show a delay in achieving adequate blood concentrations, presumably due to delayed absorption. However most infants achieve therapeutic concentrations in the serum. Infected newborn infants s...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption of tacrolimus by means of simultaneous perfusion of intestinal lumen and blood vessels in rats. In our previous report, the permeability of tacrolimus was found to be higher in the jejunum than in the ileum or colon, suggesting the site-dependent absorption after oral administration. However, in this article, simultaneous perfusion tech...

Studies of Fe absorption in pregnancy often make unfounded assumptions of erythrocyte incorporation. Therefore, we measured the absorption and utilisation of Fe during early and late pregnancy by the erythrocyte incorporation of two stable isotopes. 8.5 mg 57Fe (oral) and 0.5 mg (58)Fe (intravenous) were given to five non-pregnant women, to five women in early gestation (12 weeks) and five wome...

BACKGROUND Nonadherence to levothyroxine therapy is one cause of persistent hypothyroidism. To distinguish nonadherence from malabsorption, a levothyroxine absorption test is required. Typically, this test measures the serum free thyroxine (FT4) response to 1000 mcg of oral levothyroxine over 4 to 24 hours. Published data indicate that serum levels of FT4 are at or near their peak 2 hours after...

background: the bioavailability of metronidazole after oral ingestion, in ordinary conditions, is quite similar to intravenous administration of the drug.  however, the degree of its absorption is not known in the early periods after laparotomy.   objective:  to determine plasma levels of metronidazole in pediatric patients following elective abdominal surgery.   methods: the study group was co...

Due to low cost, ease of administration, and lack need for trained personnel, the oral route is the most convenient and accessible way to design different medicines that could be simply consumed by patients. Regardless of the great benefits of this route, the main challenge in the bioavailability of oral medications is gastrointestinal instability. Nanotechnology is used to improve the solubili...

Background: The bioavailability of metronidazole after oral ingestion, in ordinary conditions, is quite similar to intravenous administration of the drug.  However, the degree of its absorption is not known in the early periods after laparotomy. Objective:  To determine plasma levels of metronidazole in pediatric patients following elective abdominal surgery. Methods: The study group was compri...

Factors determining the pharmacokinetics of 2-chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-(pyridine-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide (GDC-0449) were investigated using preclinical studies and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Multiple-dose studies where dogs were given twice-daily oral doses of either 7.5 or 25 mg/kg GDC-0449 showed less than dose-proportional increases in exposure on day...

Extensive first-pass metabolism of ingested bisphenol A (BPA) in the gastro-intestinal tract and liver restricts blood concentrations of bioactive BPA to <1% of total BPA in humans and non-human primates. Absorption of ingested BPA through non-metabolizing tissues of the oral cavity, recently demonstrated in dogs, could lead to the higher serum BPA concentrations reported in some human biomonit...