Mammalian telomeres contain a duplex array of telomeric repeats bound to the telomeric repeat-binding factors TRF1 and TRF2. Inhibition of TRF2 results in immediate deprotection of chromosome ends, manifested by loss of the telomeric 3' overhang, activation of p53, and end-to-end chromosome fusions. Electron microscopy reported here demonstrated that TRF2 can remodel linear telomeric DNA into l...

The extreme 3'-ends of human telomeres consist of 150-250 nucleotides of single-stranded DNA sequence together with associated proteins. Small-molecule ligands can compete with these proteins and induce a conformational change in the DNA to a four-stranded quadruplex arrangement, which is also no longer a substrate for the telomerase enzyme. The modified telomere ends provide signals to the DNA...

This paper develops and tests a structural investment model nesting the Q theory and ...ve distortions: contract-induced CEO myopia, empire building, shirking, debt overhang, and ‡otation costs. Supporting the empire building hypothesis, founders’ (non-founders’) investment is consistent with their deriving an annual bene...t of $3.30 ($0.40) per $1000 of capital. Evidence of contract-induced m...

This paper presents a simple tool (in the form of nomograms) for the preliminary design of solar gains of a window shaded with a horizontal overhang. The nomograms were based on the results obtained from the previously published, experimentally validated anisotropic model of shaded window solar gains and developed using the least squares method. The nomograms were verified using the Design Buil...