We study repeated games with discounting where perfect monitoring is possible, but costly. It is shown that if players can make public announcements, then every payoff vector which is an interior point in the set of feasible and individually rational payoffs can be implemented in a sequential equilibrium of the repeated game when the discount factor is high enough. Thus, efficiency can be appro...

Health inequalities research has shown a growing interest in participatory ways of working. However, the theoretical ideas underpinning mainstream approaches to participation remain underexplored. This article contributes to theorising participatory practice for the kind of egalitarian politics to which many of those focused on reducing health inequalities are committed. First, we argue that th...

Development planning is a tool for improving a city's living conditions and infrastructure services. Development planning combines: (1) broad, on-the-ground analysis of various sectors, including land markets; (2) a long-term vision for the city; (3) near-term project prioritizing; and (4) management and financial capacity evaluation. Both the short-term projects and the long-term vision should...

This paper reviews recent innovations in the use of participatory tools and methods that are relevant to urban areas. This includes the use of participatory approaches for understanding poverty, involving children, identifying livelihood opportunities, and monitoring and evaluating projects. It also highlights recent literature which discusses how participatory and conventional research and pla...

Just as the notion of participatory approaches has been subjected to questioning and criticism, so has the more specific notion of participatory approaches to monitoring and evaluation. There are parallel possibilities of tokenism and even of manipulation, here, just as there are parallels around the need for more critical reflection and dialogue. Even if not actually manipulative, participator...

Strategic decision makers are frequently faced with unstructured problems that cannot be solved adequately by analytical means. In such situations, a better decision-making approach is one based on stakeholders’ participation. A particular form of such an approach is known as participatory modelling, whereby participatory methods are used for knowledge elicitation while simulation modelling tec...

abstract financial and electronic debts are one of the important issues in iran's financial scope that are considered by economists due to their role in creating financial instabilities. therefore, a model was represented in this survey to evaluate and rank financial and electronic debts in iran including foreign debts, governmental debts, non-governmental debts and banking debts during th...

it is now more than four decades from providing and execution of iran’s first comprehensive urban plan. evaluation of this plan shows that the process of execution has not been successful. considering the literature review, field study as well as comparing the plan’s documents, it is thought that lack of coordination between the urban planning organizations, the manner of providing and executio...