objective(s):reduction of pharmacological effectiveness or tolerance appears following repeated administration of many analgesic drugs. we investigated tolerance to anti-nociceptive effects of orexin-a, an endogenous potent analgesic peptide using the hot-plate test.materials and methods:orexin-a was microinjected icv (intracerebroventricular) with an interval of 12 hr for 7 continuous days and...

OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to develop a plate to treat mandibular angle fractures using the finite element method and mechanical testing. MATERIAL AND METHODS A three-dimensional model of a fractured mandible was generated using Rhinoceros 4.0 software. The models were exported to ANSYS(®), in which a static application of displacement (3 mm) was performed in the first molar ...

Indirect plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was standardized and evaluated for its effectivenessin immunodiagnosis of haemonchosis in experimental and clinical cases in sheep by using somatic wholeadult antigen of H. contortus. Plate ELISA was standardized using 5 μg/well antigen concentration with1:100 and 1:1000 of sera and conjugate dilution. Indirect plate ELISA was able to demonstrate...

Glass plates are used extensively as windows in structures, cars, and airplanes. However, because it is a brittle material with low practical strength, improving its resistance to puncture impact loading important for safety security. Although known that fitting shatterproof window film the glass plate an easy effective way reinforce against loads, effect of has not enough been evaluated quanti...