menelaus’ sphaerica can be considered as the most important classical text in the tradition of spherics books, written with the aim of the solution of problems arising in spherical astonomy. euclid’s elements is the the most important book on plane geometry. this article aims at a comparative study of menelaus’s sphaerica and euclid’s elements, to show that book i of sphaerica is an attempt to ...

introduction: sharply progression and development in different aspect of technology and science in the field of medicine and sanitation bring many challenges in biological moral and social aspects of the life. meanwhile statistical problems of this subjects will be rised. study and researches on embryonic stem cells are one of this specimens. religions and different ideological views in vast hu...

Western constitutionalism and modern liberalism have constructed and promoted the problematic hegemonic myth of separation of religion from state and politics in democracies (Carter, 1995). Yet, a careful and critical analysis of modern politics, law, and society, which deconstructs formal legal categorizations would point to the irreducible significant role of religion in modern states, laws, ...

in this article the author investigates al-ghazzali’s views on the volitional aspect of the soul. al-ghazzali divides the volitional aspect of the human into two levels, human and animal. his use of terms such as practical faculty, practical reason, power and will for human volition raises the important question of whether practical reason has cognitive character and whether it is a stimulus. s...