Recently, there is a need for fostering the critical reflective side of L2 teacher education. This study investigated the implications of personal narrative (PN) and reflective journal (RJ) writing for Iranian EFL teachers’ reflective writing. Sixty (36 women and 24 men) in-service secondary school EFL teachers were selected based on the convenience sampling from Iran. L2 teachers equally divid...

while many international organisations have independent evaluations, including the international monetary fund (imf) and world health organization (who), uniquely the world bank in its 2015 world development report sought to ascertain the potential biases that influence how its staff interpret evidence and influence policy. here, we describe the world bank’s study design, including experiments ...

In this paper we argue that the category of Stone spaces forms an interesting base category for coalgebras, in particular, if one considers the Vietoris functor as an analogue to the power set functor on the category of sets. We prove that the so-called descriptive general frames, which play a fundamental role in the semantics of modal logics, can be seen as Stone coalgebras in a natural way. T...

The category-theoretic nature of general frames for modal logic is explored. A new notion of “modal map” between frames is defined, generalizing the usual notion of bounded morphism/p-morphism. The category Fm of all frames and modal maps has reflective subcategories CHFm of compact Hausdorff frames, DFm of descriptive frames, and UEFm of ultrafilter enlargements of frames. All three subcategor...

The category-theoretic nature of general frames for modal logic is explored. A new notion of “modal map” between frames is defined, generalizing the usual notion of bounded morphism/p-morphism. The category Fm of all frames and modal maps has reflective subcategories CHFm of compact Hausdorff frames, DFm of descriptive frames, and UEFm of ultrafilter enlargements of frames. All three subcategor...

L-sets over a base set X are generalizations of classical sets where subsets are not specified by characteristic functions from X to {0, 1} but rather by functions from X to a lattice L. For an L-set a ∈ L and an element x ∈ X, a(x) is interpreted as the grade of membership of x in a. Stratified L-topological spaces are generalizations of topological spaces to the L-set case [1]. In [2], strati...

Let k be an algebraically closed field, let R be an associative kalgebra, and let F = {Mα : α ∈ I} be a family of orthogonal points in Mod(R) such that EndR(Mα) ∼= k for all α ∈ I. Then Mod(F), the minimal full subcategory of Mod(R) which contains F and is closed under extensions, is a full exact Abelian sub-category of Mod(R) and a length category in the sense of Gabriel [8]. In this paper, we...