background: trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis and metronidazole is its chosen drug for treatment. ferredoxin has role in electron transport and carbohydrate metabolism and the conversion of an inactive form of metronidazole (co) to its active form (cpr). ferredoxin gene mutations reduce gene expression and increase its resistance to metronidazole. in this study, the frequency of ferre...

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a significant threat to rice production. blast susceptibility has been observed in Japanese varieties with excellent eating quality. Enhancing resistance is essential ensure minimal use of agricultural chemicals. Two types are observed: True resistance, which type qualitative expressed major gene, and field quantitative multiple micro-acting genes...

Background and Objective: Burn wound infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibiting β-lactam antibiotic resistance are one of the greatest challenges of antimicrobial treatment. In this context, P. aeruginosa strains harboring resistance mechanisms, such as production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases have the highest clinical impact no the management of burn wound infections. The ai...

conclusions our outcomes showed elevated incidences of tsst-1 positive and mrsa strains with higher rates of antibiotic resistance. the conflict between our findings and other records may be due to differences in geographic regions. materials and methods the presence of the tsst-1 and meca genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) among s. aureus isolated from 197 clinical sampl...

 Objective: In obesity, chronic low grade inflammation, created by induction of pro-inflammatory markers, causes adipocyte dysfunction in adipose tissue. Adipocytes dysfunction is associated with various diseases including insulin resistance and obesity. In obesity, inflammatory factors such as osteopontin (OPN), angiopoietin-like protein 2 (Angptl2) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are...

Appearance of bacteria resistant to antibacterial agents puts physicians in trouble and threatens the health of the world. The rapid development of bacterial resistance in Escherichia coli to ciprofloxacin makes difficult the treatment of infectious diseases. So, detection of the locations of possible mutations in gyrase A gene ( gyrA ) in these mutants is very important to determine the mech...

objective(s) isoniazid (inh) is one of the main first line drugs used in treatment of tuberculosis and development of resistance against this compound can result in serious problems in treatment procedures. resistance to inh is mediated mainly by mutation in katg gene that is coded for the catalase enzyme. the proportional method for detection of inh-resistance is time consuming due to the slow...