The process of forming new architectural solutions in the field regular frame-rod systems necessitates development concept creating original spatial structures through directed transformation kinematically changeable truss-type objects. article presents a numerical study kinematic parameters during gradual shaping rod system, which its initial state is flat hinge-rod network repeating fragments...

BACKGROUND The vertebrate retina comprises sensory neurons, the photoreceptors, as well as many other types of neurons and one type of glial cell. These cells are generated by multipotent and restricted retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), which express Notch1. Loss of Notch1 in RPCs late during retinal development results in the overproduction of rod photoreceptors at the expense of interneurons a...

PURPOSE In the mammalian retina, rod and cone pathways are fundamentally intertwined, with signals from both converging on cone bipolar cells to reach retinal ganglion cells. Psychophysical and electrophysiological data suggests that, as a consequence, rod signal transduction has a suppressive effect on the activity of cone pathways. It therefore might be assumed that the balance between rod an...

Phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6) is the key effector enzyme of the vertebrate phototransduction pathway in rods and cones. Rod PDE6 catalytic core is composed of two distinct subunits, PDE6α and PDE6β, whereas two identical PDE6α' subunits form the cone PDE6 catalytic core. It is not known whether this difference in PDE6 catalytic subunit identity contributes to the functional differences between rod...

Although the visual system occupies nearly half of the mammalian brain, we still do not completely understand its first synaptic stage. One reason is that the dendrites postsynaptic to photoreceptors comprise such a maze of fine processes that doubt remains whether all the second order circuits have been identified—even after 4 decades of electron microscopy. Now advanced functional methods app...

A micro-scale rod-like heterostructure derived from molybdenum-based metal organic framework (Mo-MOF) has been successfully prepared via subsequent annealing treatment, which assembled N-doped carbon encapsulated MoSe2 nanosheets grown on the surface of MoO2 microrod (named as MoO2@MoSe2@NC). For this novel heterostructure, nanoparticles into rod core not only serve supporting substrate for fac...

Adhesive chaperone-usher pili are long, supramolecular protein fibers displayed on the surface of many bacterial pathogens. The type 1 and P pili of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) play important roles during urinary tract colonization, mediating attachment to the bladder and kidney, respectively. The biomechanical properties of the helical pilus rods allow them to reversibly uncoil in re...