Sexual dimorphism, i.e. the distinct recognition of only two sexes per species, is the phenotypic expression of a multi-stage procedure at chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal and behavioral level. Chromosomal--genetic sexual dimorphism refers to the presence of two identical (XX) or two different (XY) gonosomes in females and males, respectively. This is due to the distinct content of the X and Y-ch...

Nitric oxide-containing neurons are widely distributed within the CNS, including regions involved in the control of reproduction and sexual behavior. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase is influenced by testosterone in male rat, and by estrogens in female. Moreover, nitric oxide synthase may co-localize with gonadal hormones' receptors. Gonadal hormones may influence nitric oxide s...

Background: There is a great concern for the possible adverse effects of cell phones and noise waves and it looks these wave effects on the individuals’ health. Thus, the present study was conducted to examine the effect of cell phone waves, severity noise, and simultaneous effect of cell phone waves and severity noise on sperm motility and sexual hormones in adult male rats. Materials and Meth...

Although female sexual dysfunction is a problem with low priority, it can have a profound impact on quality of life. In women, the cycle of sexual response begins in the brain, where a memory, an image, a scent, music, or a fantasy acts as a trigger to prompt sexual arousal. Thus, the brain is really the key and starting place for treatment of sexual dysfunction. Decreased libido, altered arous...

Background: Prescription of the atypical antipsychotic drugs like as Sulpiride for the treatment of schizophrenic patients was increased because of their less side effects. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sulpiride on hormonal milieu of adult male mice namely their serum level of prolactin and sexual hormones. Materials and Methods: 24 adult male mice were divided in three groups...

Probiotics are live organisms that are primarily used to improve gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, lactose intolerance, and to inhibit the excessive proliferation of pathogenic intestinal bacteria. However, recent studies have suggested that probiotics could have beneficial effects beyond gastrointestinal health, as they were found to improve c...

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which affects whole body systems including reproductive system. Diabetes is also a contributing factor to infertility. Metformin is one of the most common drugs to control hyperglycemia. In this study, 36 adult Sprague-Dawley female rats (170-210 g) were divided into 3 groups (control, diabetic and diabetic-treated by metformin). In second and third groups, diab...

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a condition that results in the partial or complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens (androgenic hormones) that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of male physiological characteristics by binding to androgen receptors. The unresponsiveness of the cell to the presence of androgenic hormones can impair, or prevent, both the m...