The theory of L systems (see, e.g., Herman and Rozenberg (1975) and Rozenberg and Salomaa (1974, 1976)) constitutes today one of the most pursued fragments of formal language theory. Its relevance to the formal language theory stems from the facts that it introduced new range of problems and proof techniques and has put some of the old concepts and problems in a better perspective. In this pape...

We present a collection of parallel treebanks that have been automatically aligned on both the terminal and the nonterminal constituent level for use in syntax-based machine translation. We describe how they were constructed and applied to a syntaxand example-based machine translation system called Parse and Corpus-Based Machine Translation (PaCo-MT). For the language pair Dutch to English, we ...

A partial function F : Σ → Ω is called a simple function if F(w) ∈ Ω is the output produced in the leftmost derivation of a word w ∈ Σ from a nonterminal of a simple context free grammar G with output alphabet Ω . In this paper we present an efficient algorithm for testing the equivalence of simple functions. Such functions correspond also to one-state deterministic pushdown transducers. Our al...

A sample of large northern Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) galaxies has recently been observed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). We present observations of the linearly polarized radio continuum emission in this WSRT-SINGS galaxy sample. Of the 28 galaxies treated in this paper, 21 are detected in polarized radio continuum at 18and 22-cm wavelengths. We utili...

In this paper we present a rare case of splenic rupture that occurred after an open aortic valve replacement in a male patient with hemangiomatosis of the spleen and the liver. The patient was treated with an emergency splenectomy. He showed no other sings of associated systemic disorder, such as Klippel-trénaunay syndrome or Proteus syndrome.

We have obtained moderately deep radio continuum imaging at 18 and 22cm with the Westerbork array of 34 nearby galaxies drawn from the Spitzer SINGS and Starburst samples to enable complimentary analysis. The sub-sample have an optical major axis diameter in excess of 5 arcmin and are North of Declination 12. • 5. Sub-sample galaxies span a very wide range of morphological types and star format...

computer-assisted language learning (call) is reaching an up most position in the pedagogical field of english as a second or foreign language (esl/efl). the present study was carried out to study the effect of using phonetic websites on iranian efl students’ pronunciation and knowledge of phonemic symbols. participants of the study included 30 efl female pre-intermediate students studying in k...

We present Expressionist, an authoring tool for in-game text generation that combines the raw generative power of context-free grammars (CFGs) with the expressive power of free-text markup. Specifically, authors use the tool to define CFGs whose nonterminal symbols may be annotated using arbitrary author-defined tagsets. Any content generated by the CFG comes packaged with explicit metadata in ...

We will assume that the grammar is in Chomsky Normal Form, which means that every rule is in one of two forms: (1) A→ a, or (2) A→ BC. That is, the right hand side of every rule is either a single terminal symbol or exactly two nonterminal symbols. It is possible to transform any context free grammar (that doesn’t generate the empty string) into this form efficiently. Note that no nonterminal g...